Capital Punishment

The death penalty Acquaintance Capital discipline alludes with the demonstration of slaughtering a person who has been seen as blameworthy of carrying out a specific wrongdoing (Gottfried, 2003, p.35). The death penalty is an extreme type of discipline in light of the fact that a casualty can't annul a capital punishment. A less extreme option in contrast to capital punishment is life detainment. In spite of its reality, a few nations despite everything practice capital punishment.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Capital Punishment explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The discussion on whether the death penalty is moral and good has inspired various assessments in various social orders. Advocates of the death penalty contend that it ensures changeless security and wellbeing to networks, it discourages wrongdoing, it is fitting for certain violations, for example, murder, and it is less expensive (Gottfried, 2003, p.37). Then again, adversaries contend that it is c ruel, it is uncalled for on the off chance that somebody is wrongly indicted, it is an infringement of human rights, it influences the passionate and mental prosperity of a victim’s relatives, and it is against God’s will (Gottfried, 2003, p.41). The death penalty ought to be reaffirmed in light of the fact that it is a successful technique that could be utilized to discourage wrongdoing and improve security. In the United States, 35 states have capital punishment in their lawful framework. As per the Bureau of Justice Statistics, there have been 1226 capital punishments in the United States since the year 1976 (McCafferty, 2011, p.53). In 2010, there were 38 executions. This number diminished from 106 executions in 2009 (McCafferty, 2011, p.53). A few techniques used to murder hoodlums incorporate hanging, shooting by a terminating crew, inebriation in a gas chamber, electric shock, and deadly infusion. Contentions for the death penalty Capital discipline has a few po ints of interest that render it substantial as a type of discipline for wrongdoing. To start with, it ensures the wellbeing and security of jail staff and the individuals in the outside network (McCafferty, 2011, p.58). People who get a capital punishment are typically hazardous and exceptionally rough individuals. Executed lawbreakers can't perpetrate violations either after their discharge from jail or in jail. Their execution ensures the security of jail staff and people in general. Their passing is an affirmation of security since they can't proceed with their unlawful demonstrations and this improves security.Advertising Looking for article on criminal law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, the death penalty prevents wrongdoing by debilitating crooks from participating in wrongdoing (Gottfried, 2003, p.42). In nations, for example, Singapore that have capital punishment, lower paces of wrongdoing have been acco unted for. The death penalty hinders wrongdoing in light of its extreme results. Between the years 1993 and 1997, capital punishment was generally utilized in the United States because of an ascent in wrongdoing. Accordingly, the pace of homicide dropped from 24,562 individuals to 18, 209 individuals (McCafferty, 2011, p.54). This drop was because of the evasion of the extreme results of the death penalty by crooks. Thirdly, it is the correct type of discipline for specific violations since it is equivalent to the wrongdoing submitted (Gottfried, 2003, p.45). For instance, the death penalty is the best discipline for homicide since it is equivalent to the wrongdoing. Some other type of discipline would be out of line since it would be less genuine than the wrongdoing itself. Defenders contend that casualties of wrongdoing get equity when crooks are slaughtered in light of the fact that the punishment is equivalent to the wrongdoing submitted. The individual is made to pay by death i n relation to the wrongdoing submitted. Fourthly, the death penalty is less exorbitant that different types of discipline, for example, life detainment (Gottfried, 2003, p.46). The expense of detaining a person forever is more than the expense of slaughtering the person. It is rationale to grant a capital punishment to a person rather than life detainment since it forestalls utilization of government assets, which are rather utilized for other increasingly feasible undertakings. Contentions against the death penalty Opponents of the death penalty present a few contentions to help the abolishment of the death penalty. To start with, they contend that it is unscrupulous and coldblooded (McCafferty, 2011, p.61). Executing an individual is brutal despite the fact that the individual may have acted in a barbaric way. They guarantee that every individual has an option to life and ought not be slaughtered under any situation. The death penalty is brutal in light of the fact that the techni ques utilized for execution deliver serious torment and enduring to the person. All things considered, the individual’s right to life is damaged. Despite the fact that a criminal practices barbarism by perpetrating a wrongdoing, murdering the individual doesn't take care of the issue entirely.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Capital Punishment explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Capital discipline is unexpected in light of the fact that its primary instructing is that executing somebody who has slaughtered is good and legitimate (McCafferty, 2011, p.62). Be that as it may, this contention is equivocal in light of the fact that various societies decipher the idea of humankind in an unexpected way. Furthermore, it is an uncalled for type of discipline for people who are sentenced wrongly. For instance, since 1976, 130 individuals have been discharged from death row after they were demonstrated honest (McCafferty, 2011, p.64). In serious ca ses, a few people are murdered in the wake of being wrongly indicted. It is uncalled for an individual to be executed despite the fact that he/she is guiltless. A few people have been demonstrated blameless yet the verification of their honesty came past the point of no return that they were executed before they were discharged. Likewise, a few lawbreakers request an opportunity to change their ways and become better residents. Notwithstanding, with a capital punishment, that is incomprehensible. For a situation where a blameless individual is executed, the execution is irreversible, and the administration lives with the blame of executing an honest resident. The way that a guiltless individual could be wrongly sentenced is certainly not a sufficient motivation to nullify the death penalty. This is on the grounds that similarly, liable people could be wrongly discharged for absence of enough proof (McCafferty, 2011, p.68). Thirdly, the death penalty is an infringement of the human r ight to life (Gottfried, 2003, p.73). In spite of the level of a wrongdoing submitted by an individual, murdering him/her disregards his/her entitlement to life. This contention fluctuates from society to society since human rights are dictated by elements, for example, religion, social convictions and religion, which shift among social orders. Adversaries contend that sentences, for example, life detainment could be granted rather than the death penalty since they don't disregard an individual’s right to life (Gottfried, 2003, p.74). In certain social orders, the translation of human rights permits the death penalty for people who disregard the human privileges of others. Fourthly, the death penalty isn't reasonable and may make enthusiastic and mental injury a victim’s relatives (McCafferty, 2011, p.71). In nations where it is polished, the death penalty is a type of remuneration for a wrongdoing carried out utilizing the life of the crook. This is corrupt in light o f the fact that two wrongs can't make a right. An individual merits an opportunity to change for a superior life.Advertising Searching for article on criminal law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More What's more, the agony experienced in executions could be deplorable. The level of torment relies upon the strategy for execution utilized. In spite of the technique utilized, the torment influences both the individual and his/her family. Relatives might be damaged and as such endure sincerely and mentally, which may influence their lives contrarily (Gottfried, 2003, p.72). For instance, if the individual has little youngsters, they might be not able to live typical lives inferable from the impacts of the information on their father’s execution. Fifthly, the death penalty denies the casualties an opportunity to change and practice otherworldly recovery (Gottfried, 2003, p.75). Despite the fact that an individual might be grieved and sorry for carrying out a wrongdoing, renewal is unimaginable with a capital punishment. In many social orders, otherworldly reclamation is viewed as a need fundamentally at the hour of death. Otherworldly reclamation implies making harmony with ind ividual people and God before death. Be that as it may, the death penalty casualties don't get this chance. Adversaries consider the death penalty unscrupulous on the grounds that they contend that demise ought to be regular and not initiated at all. End Capital discipline is the murdering of a person who has been sentenced for carrying out a specific wrongdoing. The issue of whether the death penalty is good and moral is a disputable one. A few nations have annulled it while others despite everything practice it. For instance, in the United States, 35 gazes practice the death penalty. Advocates contend that it hinders wrongdoing, ensures lasting security, it is suitable for violations, for example, murder and assault, and it is less expensive than elective disciplines, for example, life detainment. Adversaries contend that it is barbaric, might be out of line on the off chance that somebody is wrongly sentenced, it is an infringement of human rights, it influences the enthusiastic and mental prosperity of relatives and it s out of line. The death penalty ought to be reaffirmed in light of the fact that it is the best strategy for halting wrongdoing and henceforth improving the security and wellbeing surprisingly. References Gottfried, T2003, Capital Punishment: the Death Penalty Debate, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania. McCafferty, J 2011, Capital Punishment, Aldine Transaction, New York.

Blissful Quotes About Love

Merry Quotes About Love Have you at any point seen that when you are infatuated, you generally go around with a grin all over? For sure, love carries enormous bliss to the lives of the individuals who are encountering it. The accompanying upbeat love cites talk about the ecstasy that those in adoration experience. Jennifer Aniston Genuine affection raises everything - youre permitting a mirror to be held up to you day by day. John Sheffield Tis the most delicate piece of affection, each other to excuse. Nora Roberts Love and enchantment share a lot for all intents and purpose. They enhance the spirit, charm the heart. Furthermore, the two of them take practice. Teilhard de Chardin The day will come when, in the wake of outfitting the breezes, the tides and attraction, we will saddle for God the energies of adoration. What's more, on that day, for the second time throughout the entire existence of the world, man will have found fire. Erica Jong Love is all that it is supposed to be. That is the reason individuals are so negative about it... It truly merits battling for, being valiant for, gambling everything for. What's more, the difficulty is, on the off chance that you dont hazard anything, you chance considerably more. Helen Keller The best and most excellent things on the planet can't be seen or even contacted; they should be felt with the heart. George Elliot I like not exclusively to be adored, yet to be informed that I am cherished. Leo Buscaglia The life and love we make is the life and love we live. Barbara De Angelis Love is a decision you make from second to second. Joseph Conrad Burden to the man whose heart has not educated while youthful to trust, to cherish - and to place its trust throughout everyday life. Michael Dorrius Love changes; it at the same time makes us bigger and limits our potential outcomes. It changes our history even as it breaks another way through the present. Holy person Jerome The face is the reflection of the brain, and eyes without talking admit the privileged insights of the heart. Karr Love is the main energy which remembers for its fantasies the bliss of another person. T. S. Eliot Love is most about itself when at this very moment stop to issue.

Making The Switch

Making The Switch Hello, Im a PC. Hello, Im a Mac. If you havent seen one of these commercials, I really dont know what to tell you except turn on the TV. But the never-ending battle between the two computing platforms is not the subject of this blog entry, but if you do need advice about buying a computer for college, I can share my thoughts. This blog entry, however, is about making the switch from high school to college. If I had to make a shortlist of the changes that I made or had to make when coming to college, the list would include: sharing bathrooms with females no breakfast from mom in the morning managing my own money no curfew or parental supervision actually studying for classes moving from suburbia to an urban city doing my own laundry no car Now while I was excited about making several of these changes, there were many that I was not looking forward to, but one of the biggest aspects of college is trying new things, exposing yourself to new people , and exposing yourself to new ideas. For me, personally, in the summer leading up to the beginning of my MIT career, I spent a lot of my time humbling myself and preparing for the world that I would be presented once I left the comforts of my home for college. Additionally, having lived in Miami when I was younger and learning the basics of living in an urban environment, I had a headstart in that regard. However, no transition is without a few roadblocks or mistakes along the way. If I really have to think about what the hardest transitions for me were when I came to MIT, it would be the responsibility transition. Im not saying that I came to MIT as an irresponsible wreck, but my responsibilities were different. As the son of a single parent with three younger siblings, I had to help mom out with making sure that my brothers got started with homework, showers, sports practices, etc. My brothers werent coming to college with me. For the first time in a long time, the only person I had to be responsible for was myself, and for me, that was a lot harder than being responsible for my brothers and myself. So my first semester at MIT, I spent a lot of time figuring out how to manage myself. Managing myself included making sure I wasnt spending too much money, making sure that I went to classes, making sure that I exercised, making sure I didnt get consumed in classwork, making sure I didnt get consumed in extracurriculars. Doing everything that you want to do requires a delicate balance and strong time management skills and a strong will to learn to say no to yourself and others when it is the appropriate action. So, what is my advice on this topic? Hmm. Its really hard to say that there is a golden remedy for being a responsible college student. Also, the definition of responsible is a very fluid concept for many students. I have a personal expectation for myself which drives a lot of my actions, and those personal expectations vary from individual to individual. If theres one thing that I think can be helpful, I think a daily planner and a sketch of a daily schedule. They really help you stay on track. Im not saying schedule every minute of every day. I think thats somewhat unrealistic, and probably not a best practice at a place like MIT where many of the things that happen are fairly spontaneous. If you have a test, set aside time days before the test to start studying. If you want to go out with your friends to dinner on a Friday night, I wouldnt expect to come home and work on those problem sets. Try to start them ahead of time. You have to simultaneously be prepared and flexible at the same time. No one said it was easy, but t hen if youre looking for an easy time, you wouldnt be coming to MIT. Oh, and THE BIGGEST PIECE OF ADVICE I CAN GIVE to anyone going to college, keep an OPEN MIND about things. I used to be a very hard-headed individual with very cut and dry definitions about everything in the world around me, and I was not willing to traverse those boundaries. Taking chances and trying new things (when reasonable) is a great idea. I *highly* recommend it. Did this help any?

Gender Based Differences in the Workforce - 1219 Words

1. Introduction With regard to the International Labour Organization (ILO), labour market participation is influenced by different factors. Relatively high unemployment rates on a worldwide scale leads to countries introducing specific methods in order to increase participation rates, which in turn stimulates economic growth. One of the main focuses is to attract more females into the working world. Nonetheless, since institutional and sociological forces, as well as labour market forces still persist, high variations on female decision-making processes of whether to enter the labour market or not can be observed. The following essay will undertake a deep analysis of gender-based differences. It will be examined how participation rates of women are influenced and to what extent they have improved. Furthermore, current development trends in terms of migration and labour mobility of youth and adults will be critically analysed. In order to achieve an extensive understanding of this discussion, the situation of the European Union (EU) as well as other countries will be taken into account with regard to the time period 1990 until the present. 2. Labour market participation 2.1 Gender-based differences in labour market participation Analysing the international labour market, it can be examined that it faces a lot of challenges. With regard to The European Union (2006), the number of working age people tends to decline in the upcoming years. On top of that, the aging societyShow MoreRelatedGender Roles Of Women And Men Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Through many generations women were not treated equally as men. Women have fought their way to have gender equality but it has been slowly progressing. More women are starting to have high ranked jobs, more have been going into the workforce and don’t have to stay home all day long to take care of the kids. There are many differences between the gender roles (how women and men act or how they should be) when it comes to certain things. Like if you tell a girl, she hits like a boy or tellRead MoreDiversity In Todays Organizations Essay example1136 Words   |  5 PagesWith todays workforce becoming increasingly diverse and organizations doing more to maximize the benefits of the differences in employees, organizations are relying on managers to get the people who get the job done. People have always been the central to organizations, but there strategic importance is growing in todays knowledge-based business world. An organizations success increasingly depends on the kn owledge, skills, and abilities of its employees excluding there gender, age, ethnicityRead MoreInequality Between Men And Women1705 Words   |  7 Pagesinequality between men and women in the same occupations and that’s why the question trying to be answered here is: what are the causes of gender pay inequality among the workforce in the United States and have they changed over time? Many scholars and people in society might think it hasn’t changed much, but starting with a brief history of US women in the workforce, we will see that there are very obvious upward trends even if a gap still does exist. As of 2012, wome make up 52% of the labor forceRead MoreDiversity Paper892 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity Paper An organizations success depends on it workforce. A talented and diverse workforce lends the most opportunities for success within the organization. A diverse workforce will also impact the organizations individual human behavior. Human behavior is the collection of activities by human beings and culture, emotions, ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, religion, occupation, skills and abilities, personality traits, and values. This paper will discussRead MoreEssay On Masculinity1259 Words   |  6 PagesDifferences in gender roles of men and women have been a topic of debate for years. People argue whether there is still masculinity and femininity in today’s society. Masculinity can be defined as being protective, aggressive, assertive, competitive, confident, and independent (Gordon). Femininity can be defined as being honest, loving, kind, empathetic, and nurturing (Dalla-Camina). Masculinity is mainly found in men and femininity is main ly found in women. These differences in gender playRead MoreDefining Diversity: the Evolution of Diversity1435 Words   |  6 Pagesdiversity encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical ability, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies. It is the exploration of these differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment. It is about understanding each other and moving beyond simple tolerance to embracingRead MoreWorkforce Diversity1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 21st century, workforce diversity has become an essential business concern. In the so-called information age, the greatest assets of most companies are now on two feet (or a set of wheels). Undeniably, there is a talent war raging. No company can afford to unnecessarily restrict its ability to at tract and retain the very best employees available. Generally speaking, the term â€Å"Workforce Diversity† refers to policies and practices that seek to include people within a workforce who are consideredRead MoreDiversity Within The Workplace Has Become A Priority For Managers1540 Words   |  7 Pagesrise in service sector jobs, and, in some cases, a sincere business ethic. Diversity is generally defined as recognizing, understanding, and accepting an individual based on their differences and is typically classified into two categories. The primary category, age, gender, sexual orientation, etc., depicts the most noticeable differences between individuals. The secondary category, religion, education, geographical location, income, etc., are those that are not noticeable in the first encounter andRead MoreThe Challenges Of Human Resource Management872 Words   |  4 Pagesdiverse work force from all around the world merging race, gender, ethnic group, age, personality, cognitive style, tenure, organizational function, educ ation, background and more. Diversity not only involves how people identify themselves, but how they identify others.. According to a July 2011 study conducted by Forbes and written by Mary Ellen Egan â€Å"It is no longer simply a matter of creating a heterogeneous workforce, but using that workforce to create the innovative products, services, and businessRead MoreThe Problem of Childcare Essay1732 Words   |  7 Pagesmay have an impact on employee recruitment and retention. Based on the above, employers should consider providing childcare facilities for the employees. Balancing work-life commitments is a key challenge for both employees and employers. Employers who play a role in helping their employees benefits enormously through: * Wider recruitment pool - With more and more women are set to enter the workforce, many of them are parents. In order to work, parents have

The @ or At Symbol in Spanish Name and Origins

The Spanish word for the or at symbol, arroba, as well as the symbol itself have been part of Spanish for centuries, since before email was even invented. Key Takeaways: @ in Spanish The at symbol or has been used for centuries in Spanish, which adopted its use for email in imitation of English.The symbols name, arroba, was originally an Arabic word used in measurements.In modern usage, the is sometimes used to indicate explicitly that a gendered word includes both males and females. Term Came From International Trade Arroba is believed to have come from the Arabic ar-roub, meaning one fourth. At least as early as the 16th century, the word was commonly used as a term of measurement in international trade, especially in the region that includes Italy, France, and the Iberian Peninsula. Today, an  arroba is still a unit of weight, although the amount varies from about 10.4 to 12.5 kilograms (about 23 to 27.5 pounds), depending on the region. Arroba also came to refer to various liquid measures varying from region to region. Although such measurements arent standard or official, they still get some local usage. The arroba has long been sometimes written as , which is a kind of stylized a. It came to Spanish, like most Spanish vocabulary, from Latin, where it probably was used by scribes as a quick-to-write combination of the a and the d for the common preposition ad, whose meanings included toward, to, and on. You may have heard of the word from the Latin phrase ad astra, meaning to the stars. As in English, the symbol also came to be used in commercial documents in indicating the cost of individual items. So a receipt could say something like 5 botellas 15 pesos to indicate that five bottles were sold at 15 pesos each. Using the Arroba for Email The symbol was first used in email addresses by an American engineer in 1971. When Spanish speakers began using email, it became a natural step to simply use the term arroba, thus putting a word from the days of Columbus into the lexicon of the computer age. The term la a comercial is also sometimes used to refer to the symbol, just as it can be referred to in English as the commercial a.   It is not uncommon to use the word ​arroba when writing e-mail addresses so they are less likely to be copied by spam robots. Thus if I were trying to slightly obfuscate my address, or if I were using some sort of a typewriter or device that couldnt handle the standard symbol, my e-mail address would be aboutspanish arroba comcast.net. Another Use for the Arroba Modern Spanish also has another use for the arroba. It is sometimes used as a combination of a and o to refer to both male and female persons. For example ​muchachs could be used as the equivalent of muchachos y muchachas (boys and girls), and latin could be used to refer to either a male or female person from Latin America. In standard, traditional Spanish, muchachos, the masculine plural, can refer to boys alone or to boys and girls at the same time. Muchachas refers to girls, but not boys and girls at the same time. This usage of the has not been approved by the Royal Spanish Academy, and it is seldom found in mainstream publications except perhaps in help-wanted ads to show that a person of either sex could be hired. It tends to be used most in feminist-friendly publications and in academia, although it also has some use in social media. You might also see the x used in a similar way, so that latinx could mean latino o latina. Other Internet Symbols in Spanish Here are the Spanish names for other symbols common in Internet or computer use: The pound sign or # is most commonly known as the signo de nà ºmero (number sign), often reduced to numeral. Less common is almohadilla, the word for a small pillow such as a pincushion.The pound sign can be combined with a word such as #this to form a hashtag, although language purists prefer etiqueta, the word for label.The backslash or \ can be called a barra inversa, barra invertida, or diagonal invertida, all of which mean reverse slash.The asterisk is simply asterisco. The word estrella, or star, is not used.

Richard Overy and The World War II - 974 Words

World War II was one of the greatest wars in our history. Richard Overy wrote Why the Allies Won to explain his taking of how this happened. Why the Allies Won is about how Germany was in almost full control of Europe and Germany felt like they should start moving into the Middle East. Germany and Japan had felt since they took over large lands in 1942, they should try to take over the rest of the world. This caused the Second World War. The other countries were not going to let Germany and Japan take over without a fight. The Allies, the Soviet Union, the United States and Britain, was one of the most powerful alliances there was. They had the resources and the power they needed. They also had the technology to help them conquer. Germany†¦show more content†¦He was President from 1933 to 1945. FDR had many struggles throughout his who time in office. He helped the United States through each struggle. Joseph Stalin was the leader for the Soviet Union. Winston Churchill was t he leader for Britain. Having a strong leader during a war is very important. If the person who is in charge of the country is not a strong leader, then the outcome of the war will not be a success for them. Although Adolf Hitler was a very strong leader, there were not as many strong leaders on the axis side as there were on the Allies side. I agree with this point. I think that having a strong leadership is very important for any war, also for any country. If a country does not have a strong leader, than they won’t have a strong country. Aircraft and the war materials are important to any war. The aircraft in the war was very different for each person. They had many different types of aircraft depending on their way of flying. Also the designed it based on how â€Å"dangerous† they felt they were. During the war there were over forty different versions of the very successful aircraft from Germany. They wouldn’t build them based on if they were better for fighting or if they were better for flying. They based them on how the person flying them wanted the aircraft to be. This caused problems for Germany. It is very time consuming for Germany. It took a long time to build each of the planes. Since they were all different theyShow MoreRelatedThe Invasion Of World War II1914 Words   |  8 PagesSeptember 1, 1939 is frequently recognized as the legitimate beginning to World War II, as Britain and France formally declared war on Germany following Germany’s invasion into Poland. However, although Hitle r’s hostile military action toward Poland triggered the outbreak of World War II, this does not necessarily mean that Hitler intended to start a world war in 1939. Indeed, historians debate whether Hitler planned to provoke a word war when he invaded Poland. In order to better understand Hitler’s motivationsRead MoreA Deeper Understanding Of World War II2382 Words   |  10 Pagesguaranteed to Poland, and when Hitler declared war on Poland, Britain and France declared war on Hitler. This would lead to the official start of World War II. Hitler is commonly recognized as the man who invaded Poland in an attempt to take over the world. However, a deeper understanding of World War II shows that there are also reasons to believe that Hitler was only interested in the annexation of Poland, and was actually interested in avoiding a world war. This created what would become one of theRead MoreHitler s Foreign Policy During The World War II2305 Words   |  10 PagesThe off icial start of the Second World War is most commonly linked with the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939. Nevertheless, there are still ongoing disagreements as to whether Adolf Hitler, the leader of Germany at the time, aspired to spark an extensive world war through his actions in Eastern Europe. In the years leading up to September 1939, Hitler’s foreign policy had become increasingly dependent on the idea of expansionism. Constructed through Hitler’s foreign policy at the timeRead MoreWhy the Allies Won by Richard Overy550 Words   |  2 PagesWhy the Allies Won Richard Overy’s book â€Å"Why the Allies Won† is a great read for those who are intrigued by World War II alternate histories. Overy gives unique insights on the large scaled picture regarding how the war went throughout each of his chapters. The book identifies that the resulting Allied victory was not inevitable, and then it points out the factors that contributed to making the Allied victory possible. The factors that made the Allied victory happen include the Germans beginningRead MoreAdolf Hitler and the Loss of World War II Essay2085 Words   |  9 Pagesleadership skills, and actions caused him to lose World War II. Hitler’s objective was to gain world power. He was willing to risk everything for Germany to become the most powerful country. According to Richard Overy, a British historian, â€Å"If the German people are not prepared to engage in its own survival, so be it: then it must disappear!† (538). Hitler was also willing to sacrifice Germany to attain world control and victory during World War II. The idea of losing WWII never came across Hitler’sRead MoreThe Airplane Has Changed The Course Of The Western World Forever888 Words   |  4 PagesPoirrier Mrs. Elliott English III 9 May 2017 The Airplane Effect Orville Wright once said, â€Å"The airplane stays up because it doesn’t have the time to fall.† The ingenuity of the Wright brothers’ airplane design has changed the course of the Western world forever. The invention of the aircraft positively affected American society by providing a quicker way of traveling, having an influence on warfare, and implementing a better economy in the United States. When the aeroplane was assembled, the possibilityRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Pearl Harbor 865 Words   |  4 Pagesit coincides with the material from Richard Overy’s Why the Allies Won and John Jefferies’ Wartime America. First, the film is historically accurate of the date in which the Japanese attacked U.S. Naval Base at Pearl Harbor. The entire film took place in Hawaii, USA and it portrayed the attack that occurred on â€Å"December 7 Japanese aircraft attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor† (Overy p.15) The films date was the same as the date reported in the Overy novel, making a direct factual connectionRead MoreLiterature Review on the Battle of Kursk1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Kursk was one of the most important clashes in the Second World War partly because of the impressive amount of armored units taking part in the conflict and partly because it represented a turning point for the Soviets, as their victory played an essent ial role in the war. M. K. Barbiers book KURSK: THE GREATEST TANK BATTLE, 1943 provides a complex account of the conflict and emphasizes its strategic significance for the Germans, as this was their last great offensive. The fact thatRead MoreThe Invasion Of Poland During The World War II2386 Words   |  10 PagesGermany’s vast re-equipment, as well as its numerous diplomatic efforts. Hitler’s September invasion was predicated on his strong belief that the war would be limited to a single enemy, Poland. Aware of Germany’s economic and militaristic limitations, Hitler did not intend to start World War II when he invaded Poland in 1939. Rather, his plan was to avoid a world war until the mid to late 1940’s. The invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939 was preceded by a significant effort at negotiation between GermanyRead MoreThe Experiments Conducted By Stanley Milgram s The Perils Of Obedience1039 Words   |  5 PagesThe experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram have become one of the most controversial and most influential experiments in the world of psychology. In 1963 the Milgram experiments took place at Yale University, and tested subjects on obedience to authority. While reading Stanly Milgram’s â€Å"The Perils of Obedience† the topic of authority to obedience is discussed by Milgram stating: â€Å"Obedience is one of the most basic an element in the structure of social life as one can point to† (691). Submission

Meaning of Life free essay sample

In his notion freedom meant getting rid of the English who had conquered the French and had gained more control over the Indians lands than ever. He believed they had to fight the English and pushed them out of their ancestors lands. As he said â€Å"Although you have conquered the French, you have not yet conquered us! We are not your slaves. These lake, these woods and mountains, were left to us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance; and we will part with them to none. 2. What elements of Indian life does Neolin criticize most strongly? He criticized Pontiac for using European technology, doing fur trade with the Whites, using their cloths and consuming alcohol instead of fighting against the English which he called them â€Å"the dogs who dressed red† and surrendering himself to them. He argued that he (Pontiac) should clothe himself in skins and use the bows and arrows and his tradition to fight back against their enemies. We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. How does this document relate to and inform the related part of the Chapter in the main text? This document discusses on how Pontiac started his journey to meet with Delaware religious prophet Neolin and on how Neolin guided Pontiac on how he should fight back in opposed to the English by getting back to his tradition that he inherited from his ancestors. 4. What impact did the primary source had on your understanding and beliefs? It was very interesting to see how much Indians cared about spiritual beliefs and how strong their viewpoint were when it comes to their traditional faith. Even though, the English had believed they were faithless and savages, but the truth was they were full of spiritual thoughts.

3 Types of Redundancy to Avoid

3 Types of Redundancy to Avoid 3 Types of Redundancy to Avoid 3 Types of Redundancy to Avoid By Mark Nichol Redundancy in a sentence is annoying, and it is also a nuisance. Conveying information in more than one way, or by repeating wording, is consciously or subconsciously distracting to the reader and contributes to compositional clutter. Note in the discussions and revisions following each example how the sentence in question can be improved by deleting such infelicities. 1. Like Smith, Jones also owns a family-run business. When an additive word or phrase such as like or â€Å"in addition to† introduces a sentence, using also to bridge the complementary phrases is redundant: â€Å"Like Smith, Jones owns a family-run business.† 2. Many components, such as asset balance, deposit balance, and interest income, etc., should be sensitive to the change in the macroeconomic environment. Use of a phrase like â€Å"such as† or â€Å"for example† (or the corresponding abbreviation e.g.) is redundant to etc. (or â€Å"and so on†): â€Å"Many components, such as asset balance, deposit balance, and interest income, should be sensitive to the change in the macroeconomic environment.† (Or â€Å"Many components- asset balance, deposit balance, and interest income, etc.- should be sensitive to the change in the macroeconomic environment.†) Note, however, that i.e., which means â€Å"that is† (or â€Å"that is† itself), pertains to clarification and not to listing of examples, so it is not redundant to etc. 3. But the policy is not solely about consumers; it is about what the law calls a data subject. A data subject is defined as a living individual to whom personal data relates. Avoid ending one sentence and beginning the subsequent sentence with the same word or phrase, which generally occurs when a word or phrase is introduced and then immediately defined: â€Å"But the policy is not solely about consumers; it is about what the law calls a data subject, which is defined as a living individual to whom personal data relates.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'ts15 Great Word GamesHow to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO

Free Essays on No Power

â€Å"No Power!† was the cry which sounded throughout the house on an early February morning. The night before freezing rain had continuously cascaded down the rooftops, freezing everything in its path. The power outages began early that next morning and reached the house shortly after the cock crowed. At first, the family saw nothing but the disadvantages and the inconveniences which would be caused by the loss of electricity, but after a few hours they began to see some of the benefits. It was still fairly early in the morning when the family discovered the lack of power. There was repeated fumbling with light switches and other electrical devices which had become a part of their everyday lives. The provider of the family was still forced to brave the treacherous roads that morning and left the three remaining members of the family to fend for themselves at home. Together these three began to list everything that they were now unable to do. They could not watch television, play on the computer, play video games, dry their hair, use the stove, bake in the oven, turn on the dishwasher, wash clothes, or even open the refrigerator for fear that the cold air would escape and doom their food to rancidness. The three even made a decision that every time someone tried to turn on a light, they must yell out â€Å"Damn it!† Throughout the day the majority of the light switches in this family’s house were condemned to hell. Although, this did help to lighten the ir mood, it did not change the fact that they were unable to do what they wanted to do the most. After some time, when reading became too boring and pacing became too tiring, the three family members decided that they must do something lest they go insane from boredom. The youngest of the three volunteered to run and fetch the Monopoly board and was immediately answered with groans of disdain. She replied with, â€Å"Well, what else are we going to do?† Although she was indeed young,... Free Essays on No Power Free Essays on No Power â€Å"No Power!† was the cry which sounded throughout the house on an early February morning. The night before freezing rain had continuously cascaded down the rooftops, freezing everything in its path. The power outages began early that next morning and reached the house shortly after the cock crowed. At first, the family saw nothing but the disadvantages and the inconveniences which would be caused by the loss of electricity, but after a few hours they began to see some of the benefits. It was still fairly early in the morning when the family discovered the lack of power. There was repeated fumbling with light switches and other electrical devices which had become a part of their everyday lives. The provider of the family was still forced to brave the treacherous roads that morning and left the three remaining members of the family to fend for themselves at home. Together these three began to list everything that they were now unable to do. They could not watch television, play on the computer, play video games, dry their hair, use the stove, bake in the oven, turn on the dishwasher, wash clothes, or even open the refrigerator for fear that the cold air would escape and doom their food to rancidness. The three even made a decision that every time someone tried to turn on a light, they must yell out â€Å"Damn it!† Throughout the day the majority of the light switches in this family’s house were condemned to hell. Although, this did help to lighten the ir mood, it did not change the fact that they were unable to do what they wanted to do the most. After some time, when reading became too boring and pacing became too tiring, the three family members decided that they must do something lest they go insane from boredom. The youngest of the three volunteered to run and fetch the Monopoly board and was immediately answered with groans of disdain. She replied with, â€Å"Well, what else are we going to do?† Although she was indeed young,...

Critically evaluate the effects of resistance training and Essay

Critically evaluate the effects of resistance training and cardiovascular training on osteoporosis - Essay Example Engelke, K., Kemmler, W., Lauber, D., Beeskow, C., Pintag, R., & Kalendar, W. A. (2006). Exercise maintains bone density at spine and hip EFOPS: a 3-year longitudinal study in early postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis international, 17 (1), 133-142. (Primary Source – From MedLine/MedScape Database) Iwamoto, J., Takeda, T., & Ichimura, S. (2001). Effect of exercise training and detraining on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Journal of orthopaedic science, 6 (2), 128-132. (Primary Source – From MedLine/MedScape Database) Layne, J. E., & Nelson, M. E. (1999). The effects of progressive resistance training on bone density: a review. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 31 (1), 25-30. (Secondary Source - From MedLine/MedScape Database). Lin, J. T., & Lane, J. M. (2008). Nonpharmacologic Management of Osteoporosis to Minimize Fracture Risk. Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology, 4 (1), 20-25. (Secondary Source - From MedLine/MedScape Database). Notomi, T., Okazaki, Y., Okimoto, N., Saitoh, S., Nakamura, T., & Suzuki, M. (2000). A comparison of resistance and aerobic training for mass, strength and turnover of bone in growing rats. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 83 (6), 469-474. (Primary Source – From MedLine/MedScape Database) Ringe, J. (2000). Osteoporosis in Men. In David Hosking and Johann Ringe (Eds.), TREATMENT OF METABOLIC BONE DISEASE: MANAGEMENT STRATEGY AND DRUG THERAPY (pp. 203-218). London: Martin Dunitz Ltd. (Secondary Source – From Local British Council Library) Ravn, P. (2000). Osteoporosis: Primary Prevention. In David Hosking and Johann Ringe (Eds.), TREATMENT OF METABOLIC BONE DISEASE: MANAGEMENT STRATEGY AND DRUG THERAPY (pp. 123-142). London: Martin Dunitz Ltd. (Secondary Source – From Local British Council Library) The search for suitable literature consisted of going through the journals available at the local British Council Library. None were found. The next was

Self Interest Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self Interest - Coursework Example Ethics is a moral conduct that is good, fair, just, and admirable in the society. It brings out a clean air of behaviour and aims at showing ones dignity while interacting with fellow human beings. Morality always triumphs over selfishness, without morality social life would be nearly impossible. Naturally, people would be brutal, unjust, and selfish. Religion contributes to morality, because about 60% of individuals believe in a certain religion (MacKinnon and Fiala, 2015). Theologically, people care of what will happen in their afterlife. For many religions, an afterlife involves a person been rewarded or punished for what they have done. â€Å"Do to others what you would have them do to unto you† is a golden rule with a religious birth, which has been cemented in most people’s minds since childhood. Religion exists as a factor of unity in the society. Confucius in the ancient china was vocal in establishing a â€Å"gentleman’s code† to avoid social diso rder in China. The comfort or wrath of after life is based on the moral conduct of people’s behaviour while on earth. This regulates the conduct of people and motivates them to help others. Arguably, it is much better for people to follow rules. In the state of nature, according to social contract theory by Hobbes, it was brutal, lawless, unjust and short. The absence of rules was the cause. Inherently, man desires law and security. The need for self-preservation and protection of property prompts man to surrender their rights voluntarily.

Transitional Justice in Post-war Societies

Transitional Justice in Post-war Societies Introduction 462 What justice is, who it serves to and what forms it can take are the issues that have been challenging philosophers, legal and political scientists for centuries making them search for answers in religious norms, in the rule of law, or even in fairness itself (Ralws 1985). Reasonably, during the periods of transitions and far-reaching transformations of societies this task nevertheless resembles more a Sisyphean one since what is fair and just in extraordinary political circumstances is determined not from an idealized archimedean point, but from the transitional point itself (Teitel 2000, 224). Since every transition is a highly complex and historically contingent process, the act of tailoring an appropriate response to a repressive past is influenced by a number of factors, such as affected societys legacy of injustice, its legal culture, and political traditions (Teitel 2000, 2019). Nevertheless, not all scholars agree on this, but fully reject the relevance of these and similar f actors, considering the transitional qualifier misleading since it suggests an altered and unacceptable lesser form of regular criminal justice (Olsen, Payne and Reiter 2010, 10). This fault line leads to and further shapes another fundamental debate surrounding transitional justice whether the attitudes toward justice are relevant or not, i.e. whether the purpose of justice will be fulfilled if those who it should serve to do not see it fair. Recognizing a wide scope of political transitions and significant differences among them, this paper attempts to analyse the importance of how justice is perceived in the communities emerging from a violent conflict. Such complex environment abound with perplexity, sentiments, irrational thinking and behaviour undoubtedly prevents us from reaching clean and neat explanations of the relationship between justice and its perceptions, but at the same time reminds us of how vital this relation is to the future of transitional justice including its prospects for improvement. The main argument of this paper is that transitional justice in post-war societies will have limited success and will most likely create new grievances among affected societies if they tend to perceive the exercised justice as unfair. However, we warn against the trap of tautology of any kind and call for further research on the possibility, as well as the necessity of overcoming this inherent weakness of transitional justice in post-war circumstances. Upon setting up the theoretical framework, the paper will analyse in which manner broadly negative perceptions of transitional justice affect the success of its both retributive and restorative efforts and contribute to existing frictions between affected post-war communities. Supporting evidence to proposed hypotheses will be sought in the legacy of International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Finally, the third chapter will shortly discuss the chances for achieving transitional justice that is widely perceived as fair by the societies emerging from wars. Holistic Approach to Transitional Justice 492 Looking into definitions of transitional justice, one can notice two main approaches (Olsen, Payne and Reiter 2010, 12; Kaspas 2008, Clark 2008), coinciding and echoing the parts of the sentence we discuss in this paper. Offering different, sometimes opposing forms and mechanisms of transitional justice, these approaches differ in the aims they strive to achieve, or at least, in the order of their priorities. A narrower, retributive approach to transitional justice aims to hold perpetrators individually accountable for their wrongdoings, to punish them, and in such way bring justice to victims. Those who advocate for it are therefore primarily concerned about the fairness of the prosecutorial forms of justice (e.g. trials) where fairness is associated with traditional legal standards (Moghalu 2011, 522-524) and they are not much interested in the way justice is perceived. Although the name suggests otherwise, the restorative approach to transitional justice is more forward-looking and it attempts to bring justice by working toward a new inclusive society that addresses the fundamental needs of population (Olsen, Payne and Reiter 2010, 12) through retributive, but also via a wide range of non-prosecutorial mechanisms (truth commissions, reparations, memorialization, etc.) Being concerned about repairing harm and building and healing societies (Lederach 2001, 842), scholars and policy makers arguing for this approach are more concerned about the way these societies perceive transitional justice and tend to value the justice which restores community, rather than the justice which destroys it (Lambourne 2003, 24). In this paper we adopt a rather comprehensive, holistic definition of transitional justice offered by International Centre for Transitional Justice (ICTJ): Transitional justice is a response to systematic or widespread violations of human rights. It seeks recognition for the victims and to promote possibilities for peace, reconciliation, and democracy. (ICTJ 2009, 1) Even though some scholars argue that including both retributive and restorative efforts dilutes the notion of justice (Olsen, Payne and Reiter 2010, 12), we believe that this kind of definition is the most appropriate one for the following analysis for two reasons. First, it does not exclude or favour, but encompasses the aims of both retributive and restorative efforts, thus providing a basis for a more comprehensive analysis of the impact of justice perceptions on all its aims. Second, such a broad definition is suitable for analysing the importance of how justice is perceived in post-war environments since even though it is almost never possible to punish all those who committed crimes nor to recognize all those who suffered during the mass violence, the survivors both victims and perpetrators will have to find their own ways to live together and to deal with the exercised justice, be that in a constructive, ignorant or a destructive manner. Since the aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of perceptions of transitional justice on its ability to serve its purpose, we will analyse the aims which stand behind restorative and retributive efforts, but not various forms they can take. Retributive efforts 624 Aiming to establish individual criminal accountability and pursuing an idealistic goal of universal legal fairness, the retributive approach to transitional justice neglects the importance, if not the centrality of fairness perceptions and thus jeopardizes a suboptimal goal of legalist justice deterring future wrongdoings.[1] Nonetheless, the capacity of transitional justice to prevent similar offences in post-conflict societies is indeed impacted by these societies attitudes towards exercised justice. The establishment of individual criminal guilt for punishable acts is supposed to mitigate the dangerous culture of collective guilt (Kritz 1999, 169) which threatens by its two equally perilous extremes blaming all members of the rivalry groups only because of their group characteristics or, conversely, falling into if everyone is guilty, than no one is guilty trap. By punishing individuals who purported to act in the name of the whole ethnicity or nation, retributive transitional justice efforts are assumed to dissolute dichotomist perceptions and nihilistic stereotypes which stigmatize entire communities and might lead to a new round of violence (Kaspas 2008, 62) and acts of private revenge. Nevertheless, no matter how successful trials in the aftermath of war might be, their unavoidable selectivity almost inevitably creates an impression of unequal treatment and unfairness among affected communities thus fostering instead of overturning their distorted group-specific conceptions and perceptions of justice (Weinstein and Stover 2006, 11) Hence, if affected communities perceive the exercised justice as unfair regardless of its legal fairness, the truth that trials aimed to establish will remain to be viewed through lenses of societal guilt (Subotic 2011) and not only that trust among communities will not be rebuilt, but more importantly from the aspect of retributive justice their trust in the rule of law will not be restored. Consequently, the deterring capacity of transitional justice will be considerably undermined. Moreover, widely-perceived-as-unfair justice may incentivise new circle of private justice by reifying divides and hostile attitudes which caused violence in the first place (Sriram 2007, 587). The reason for which the perceptions of justice are particularly important in post-war transitions, even more than in any other type of transition, is because these communities are often caught in a security dilemma which tends to get intensified in the aftermath of a war (Posen 1993, 36). If transitional justice is perceived as unfair, it will most likely create new grievances and simply institutionalize group-specific narratives that affect societies shaped by their self-understanding of sources of coercion and repression in past (Teitel 2000, 224), thus encouraging calls for revision and redressing of perceived injustices. Therefore, the attitudes that post-war societies adopt about the exercised transitional justice can not only undermine its deterring efforts, but even turn them upside do wn. This, however, does not mean that widely-perceived-as-fair justice leads to absolute success of retributive efforts it is not the case even in regular circumstances since people are not always rational actors and have different perceptions of costs and benefits, especially when their vital interests are at stake. Nonetheless, this means that deterrence capability of transitional justice is more limited if it is seen as unfair, which is especially dangerous in the transitions from war to peace, when chances for the recurrence of violence are still critically high (Collier, Hoeffler and SÃ ¶derbom 2004). However, the question then arises as whether this technocratic legalism (Sharp 2013, 150) which strives to present justice as neutral and immune to underlying political tensions can ever be sufficiently fair to post-war societies, or some correctives of fairness perceptions are always needed if communities previously in war are to be kept away from a new circle of violence, either o pen or structural. This brings us to the restorative efforts of transitional justice. Restorative efforts 681 Searching for equilibrium between the demands of justice and peace, the primary aim of restorative efforts is a successful transformation of societies previously in war towards more peaceful, inclusive, democratic, or to use an umbrella term reconciled ones (Bloomfield 2006, 16; ICTY 2009, Loyle and Davenport 2015; Uprimny and Saffon, 2006). Since the accomplishment of this aim requires active participation of the communities (even though the focus is on the victims, the involvement of both victims and offenders is equally important) (Kaspis 2008, 64), their attitudes toward exercised transitional justice are of vital importance for successful transformation. Since negative attitudes towards the exercised transitional justice significantly hinder its deterring capacity, it is not hard to assume how crucial they are for building far more demanding positive elements of peace political, economic and societal reconstruction of communities emerging from a war. What is fair and just in the periods of transition is not determined in a vacuum, but is forged against the affected societys backdrop of historical legacies of injustice which is the springboard for its imagination of transitional justice (Teitell 2000, 224). If exercised justice collides with this imagination of justice, transitional justice efforts risk falling into irrelevance or worse. Empirical evidences from various peace-building missions support this assumption since even those reconciliation efforts that come from the local civil societies tend to have rather limited success if truth and justice behind them are negatively perceived by affected communities (Andrieu 2010, Backer 2003, Rangelov 2015). Forgiveness and healing at which reconciliation aims are unthinkable in the societies which believe that exercised justice is unfair, partial, insufficient, and that it needs to be revised since their sense of justice prevents them from movingÂÂ   beyond negative coexistence (Bloomfield 2006, 14). Moreover, transitional justice which is widely perceived as unfair can even harm such cold peace between the communities previously in war. It is highly unlikely that transitional justice will have legitimizing and democratizing effect for implementing regimes (Loyle and Davenport 2015, 129) if people perceive transitional justice only as the legitimization of a new kind of repression (Stover, Megally and Mufti, 2005). Political entrepreneurs (Lemay-Hebert 2009, 28) who often appear in the aftermath of wars and during transition periods might try to manipulate these attitudes, fuel ethnocentric and nationalistic beliefs and reactions and further obstruct reconstruction efforts. Therefore, if transitional justice adds a new layer of already complex grievances among the rival communities, the process of change and redefinition of relationships between them (Ledarch 2001, 842) will hardly move towards mutual trust, empathy and harmony, but will rather be rebuilt on fear, suspicion and m utual accusations. Therefore, in fragile, post-conflict societies, the perception of justice is often as important as its delivery (Neuffer 2000, 340). However, regardless of how consistent these assumptions on the importance of perceptions of transitional justice might seem for the accomplishment of its ambitious aims, they must not at all be taken for granted. It would be naÃÆ'Â ¯ve to assume that widely-perceived-as-fair transitional justice necessarily leads to peaceful, democratic and reconciled societies. Not only do many other factors beside justice mechanisms play extremely important role in the transformation from war to peace, but perceptions of fairness themselves can be key spoilers of the real transition towards peace, democracy and reconciliation. What caused or, at least, justified the violence in the first place were those mass hostile attitudes fostered by the reservoirs of myths (King 2001, 167) of ethnic and national animosities (Kaufman 2006). If the exercised transitional justice is widely perceived as fair through these corrupted lenses, the nature of these positive attitudes needs to be considered with more attention. If these attitudes are based on the knowledge and acknowledgment of committed war crimes, they probably mean a step forward towards the aims of transitional justice. However if they are met at the expense of fairness of justice, they most likely undermine the prospects for profound transformation of the affected societies. Therefore, the relationship between the aims of transitional justice and the perceptions of affected communities in post-war transitions is extremely sensitive and complex, thus requiring a case-to-case examination. The Legacy of the ICTY More than Trials? 367 Academic debates on the legacy of the ICTY (established in May 1993 to try those responsible for violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991 (United Nations 2009)) very well reflect the general debates on the role of transitional justice and the importance of the affected communities attitudes towards it. Despite a strong consensus on the ICTYs contribution to the development of international criminal justice (Steinberg 2011), the long-term impact of the ICTY on the communities in the region of former Yugoslavia remains largely disputed. Namely, even though the ICTY is a prosecutorial, retributive mechanism of transitional justice, the expectations out of it have been much greater than those from regular courts, and it has been ascribed with restorative potential from the very beginning (. The ICTY was, according to prevailing public opinion, supposed to contribute to the healing of communities in the Balkans and the reb uilding of their inter-communitarian ties. Although substantially unrealistic, these expectations did not emerge out of thin air since the founders of the ICTY indeed set high objectives at the Tribunal. According to the Statute of the ICTY, the primary objective of the tribunal was to prosecute persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law, but also to contribute to the restoration and maintenance of peace and security in the region (UN 1993), which undoubtedly encompassed some of the restorative aims in addition to the regular prosecutorial aims of trials. Moreover, the record of the debate at the Security Council suggests that the seeds for another goal that of promoting reconciliation and good neighbourliness were planted at the ICTYs inception (Fletcher and Weinstein 2004, 36). Dealing with the way and the extent to which the perceptions of the ICTY influenced the effectiveness of its retributive and restorative efforts, we look for the answer to the concerns raised by the ICTY Judge Gabrielle Kirk McDonald, who, during her visit to Bosnia, faced a disappointing lack of knowledge and misunderstanding of the Tribunals work among the local populations. You know, I am wondering if this is all worth it. Im wondering if what we are doing at the Tribunal is worthwhile, she said (Neuffer 2000, 354). ICTY Retributive Efforts Preventing New War Crimes 1070 Indicating 161 alleged war criminals (ICTY 2016), most of whom have already been convicted, the ICTY has undoubtedly developed and impressive body of jurisprudence and louder and clearer than ever announced the end of impunity for those who commit war crimes. Nevertheless, the very existence and work of the ICTY have never been favourably regarded in the countries where its deterrent effects should have been most pronounced (Dimitrijevic 2009, 83) since it has been met with great suspicion, disapproval and resistance by the majority of people in the Western Balkans. Despite the fact that the ICTY was established to punish war crimes of all sides to the conflict in comparison to the very limited, even discriminatory mandate of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (Loyle and Davenport 2015) its legitimacy in the region has remained remarkably low among all three communities with 71% of people in Serbia, 84% in Republika Srpska, 64% in Croatia and 39% in Federation having su m negative attitudes towards the ICTY almost twenty years after its establishment (Milanovic 2016, 240). The Serbs view the ICTY as a political anti-Serb tribunal, as a one more instrument of the Western powers whose purpose is to dispense victors justice and blame the Serbs for all the atrocities in the wars (Obradovic-Wochnik 2009; Dimirijevic 2009; Saxon 2006). The Croats believe that the Tribunal unacceptably equates the guilt of the Serbs and the Croats, making a massive wound on Croatias body by trying the best of all Croatian sons and thus attacking on the dignity and the legitimacy of the Homeland War (Dimitrijevic 2009, 84; Peskin and Boduszynski 2003, 1117; Jovic 2009, 15). Finally, the ICTY is a mixed bag (Saxon 2006, 564) of hopes and disappointments for the Muslim community which appreciates the ICTYs so far efforts and achievements, but at the same time considers them slow, mild and insufficient (Milanovic 2016, 242). Root causes of these attitudes are multitude and ar e beyond the scope of this analysis. However, what is important to notice is that even though the ICTY has done a remarkable job, in the eyes of the affected communities that job has remained somewhere else and the ICTY has become a world unto itself (Fletcher and Weinstein 2004, 33). Consequently, its negative image has hindered the efficiency of its sentences and undermined its pedagogical role in changing the attitudes towards war crimes in the region. If retributive efforts of the ICTY were successful, all sides would be ready to admit the crimes committed by their communities and recognize the victims of others sides, realizing that exercised violence should have never happened and must never be repeated. However, since significant parts among all the communities do not believe that the trials were fair and do not believe in what was established in the judgements (Milanovic 2016, 242), their persistence of their attitudes towards committed war crimes come as no surprise. Despite the extant of the facts established in front of the ICTY, they are still perceived through the lenses of nationalistic and ethnocentric narratives and myths full of self-victimhood and denial of its wrongdoings (Milanovic 2016, 243). For instance, 75.9% of Serbs and 76.2% of Croats in Bosnia believe that the members of their own community fought a defensively oriented war (Kostic 2012, 655), 74% Serbs and 43% of Croats believe that their communities were the greatest victims (Milanovic, 2016, 243-244), while only 5% of Serbs and 0.4% of Croats think that their coethnics were the greatest perpetrators (Milanovic, 2016, 243-244), even though neither of these communities had the largest number of victims or the smallest number of victimizers according to the facts established by the ICTY and the domestic courts. The lack of the recognition of war crimes is maintained through the lack of the knowledge of the facts on these crimes, which is from its side maintained through the ignorance and refusal of the justice, perceived as unfair. Many surveys show that the facts, evidences and judgements which the ICTY has made available to the public have been routinely rejected and have not influenced the attitudes these communities have towards the committed crimes (Obradovic-Wochnik 2009, 34). Moreover, perceived as unjust and unfair, the truth on war crimes which the ICTY aimed to reveal has given new impulses to old truths rooted in each of th e communities and manipulated by their greedy political leaders the truths which have throughout the history of the region justified even the worst atrocities and turned them into the acts of national heroism. The fact that the justice exercised in front of the ICTY is not owned by the locals since it has not made them recognize the victims of other sides or admit the crimes committed in the name of and by their own side, indeed limits the deterring capacity of the ICTY to a rather modest range. Nevertheless, it would be against the grain to claim that the retributive efforts of the ICTY have not been real and observable, nor is that the aim of this paper. Without the ICTY and the pressure of the international community, not only that the high-ranking political and military leaders from the region would have ever been tried, but even the persecutions of mid- or low-level offenders before the national courts of these states would be less likely. Therefore, we do not claim that the ICTYs retributive efforts have completely failed, but question their scope due to the low legitimacy of the ICTY among the communities in the region of the former Yugoslavia. There is no doubt that the main retributive aim of transitional justice the prevention of similar wrongdoings in future would have been achieved with greater certainty if the exercised justice were perceived as fair. The ICTY has failed twice already to deter the commission of war crimes in the Yugoslav conflicts since some o f the worst atrocities were committed after the establishment of the Tribunal first in Bosnia in the period from 1993 to 1995, and then in Kosovo in the period from 1998 to1999. Unfortunately, media reports on the crowds and government officials in Croatia welcoming Blaskic, or in Bosnia welcoming Krajisnik and Plavsic, or in Serbia welcoming Ojdanic and Lazarevic all convicted war criminals suggest that the legalistic fairness and retributive efforts of the ICTY have failed to root out dangerous attitudes these communities have towards war crimes. ICTY Restorative Efforts Preventing New Wars 931 The above mentioned surveys show that even though the negative peace among the Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks has been preserved for the last twenty years, their war on truth is far from an end despite all the ICTYs efforts and achievements (Hodzic 2015). The capacity of the ICTY to bring peace to these memory wars and put the former enemies on the path of reconciliation is considerably limited by its low credibility among the targeted audiences. In 2005, strikingly small 16.7% of people in Bosnia perceived the trials at the Tribunal as fair and only 26% of them believed that these trials were a precondition for just peaceful and normal relations in the region (Kostic 2012, 659). The disappointment among all three ethnic groups with fairness and relevance of the ICTY further increased by 2010 (Kostic 2012, 659). Hence, the relationship between the local populace and the Tribunal a crucial dimension for its success (Fletcher and Weinstein 2004, 44) has remained weak, limiting its contri bution to peace, stability and reconciliation in the Balkans. Perceived as unfair, the ICTY has had little chances to change the way the past is integrated and spoken between the Serbs, Bosniaks and Croats, to reconcile their contradictory versions of the truth, and to incentivize them to base their relationships on the present instead of the past (Hayner 2011). The public discourse which especially in Republika Srpska, Serbia and Croatia securitized the ICTY as an unfair political court pushed the ICTY into a transitional justice security dilemma among the Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks in which every side believed that the conviction of its nationals represented a threat to its societal security. This created a wall of risky indifference, silence and denial between these communities and the Tribunal, so the ICTY operates in a bias-driven downward spiral the more it challenges rooted nationalist narratives of each side, the more likely that it will generate distrust, and hence less likely that it will be perceived as fair (Milanovic 2016, 259). Not considered fair, hardly can it contribute to sustainable peace, democracy and reconciliation in the region. Moreover, the negative attitudes towards the ICTY have been often misused against reconciliation the very thing which transitional justice aims to foster. Democratically elected leaders in the region have been manipulating peoples perceptions of the ICTY from the very beginning, passing them through cognitive and emotional filters of prior beliefs and attitudes of these communities, thus preserving national narratives full of competitive victimhood (Subotic 2011, Dimitrijevic 2008, Jovic 2009, Fischer and Simic 2016). This has been particularly evident in election campaigns of national political elites of all three communities, who would mobilize this resentment in order to score cheap political points. For instance, trying to recover from what seemed to be a disastrous loss of support in 2000-2001 and prepare for the parliamentary elections in 2003, the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) organised massive public protests against the ICTY and the indictment against noble Mirko Norac (t he General of the Croatian Army who was later convicted for war crimes), sometimes gathering more than 150.000 supporters (Jovic 2009, 15). It was by its sharp criticism of the ICTY that the HDZ reinvented itself and staged a quick comeback by taking a convincing victory in 2003 (Jovic 2009, 16). The most recent example is the Serbian Radical Party which regained its political influence and power by re-entering the Parliament after years of decreasing popular support. The most important reason for such development is the acquittal of its leader Vojislav Seselj before the ICTY, which was framed as his victory over The Hague by the Serbian radicals and the media close to them (Nikolic 2016). Many people in Serbia perceived this as a kind of correction of injustice imposed to the Serbian people by the Tribunal and the West. Therefore, the ICTY has over the years served as deus ex machina to many political actors in the region. However, these assumptions do not outspeak the main counter-argument that the situation in regards to peace and reconciliation in the region would have been worse had it not been for the ICTY. Even if some indictments or verdicts were perceived as unfair by the coethnics of alleged or condemned war criminals, the fact that they were removed from the post-Yugoslav political scene was already a significant contribution to the regional peace and security. Providing the opportunity for many victims to talk about their sufferings for the first time, the ICTY has undoubtedly open the way for a long and difficult process of reconciliation among the Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs. Nonetheless, this paper aims to emphasize that the efforts of the ICTY in combatting denial and preventing attempts at revisionism (ICTY) and its capacity to make it impossible for anyone to dispute the reality of the horrors that took place (ICTY), would have been much more successful if the exercised justice had bee n perceived as fair by the affected communities. The anniversaries of the worst war crimes in the region from the Srebrenica genocide, over the Vukovar massacre, to the Operations Flash and Storm every year warn how shallowly the hatchets were buried and how far positive peace and reconciliation seem to be despite all the truth-seeking and truth-telling at hundreds of trials. The justice that these trials brought remained trapped in the unfavourable perceptions of these communities. Nevertheless, risking returning to the very beginning and compromising our main claim, we cannot resist but raise a new question: Could the ICTY ever been perceived as fair by the Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks? (In)Surmountable Weakness? 666 Aiming to serve to all the survivors of mass violence (Shaw and Wladorf 2000, 3) direct victims, direct victimizers and members of both victim and offender communities -transitional justice in post-war societies addresses diverse audiences with considerably different experiences and interests that decisively shape their attitudes towards the exercised justice. Even though we have shown that negative attitudes towards transitional justice limit its accomplishments, we need to raise rather than answer at least two new questions. The most fundamental issue is how realistic it actually is to expect from all the sides in conflict to agree with exercised transitional justice and perceive it as fair (Bloomfield 2006, 20). When large-scale violence is committed, the way people perceive justice is not shaped only by their own suffering, but by the suffering of all members of the group they belong to since their membership in that group is what made them victims in the first place. Since no transitional justice mechanism is capable to punish all wrongdoings, even the best one will be insufficiently fair for the affected communities. This is especially problematic after civil wars when groups in conflict were often both victimized and acted as victimizers (Kaminski, Nalepa and ONeill 2006, 301), while after the war every side simply wants to see its own needs for justice met, not caring, even denying victims of the other side. The strong notion of reconciliation further fuels the distrust of former enemies

Bonds Between Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club Essay

Bonds Between Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club A good mother-daughter relationship is beneficial for both the mother and the daughter. This definitely comes into play in Amy Tan’s novel titled â€Å"The Joy Luck Club.† The story is about four sets of Chinese mothers and daughters, and their first experience of growing in America. All of the mothers want to raise their children in the traditional Chinese way and still allow them to be all that they can be in America. This causes many conflicts between them when the daughters act too American and the mothers act too Chinese. There are also problems when some of the daughters grow and get married to American Men. The mothers influence the daughters with stories of ancestors and eventually the daughters learn that their mothers really do know what they are talking about. Each mother shows their love to their daughter in a different way, and the daughters usually respond to it in a negative manner. There is a lack of communication between the mothers and daughters, which leave a lot of open space for assuming. The daughters seem to inherit a lot of their mother’s characteristics as they get older without even meaning to. In some cases they appear to mirror their mothers. It is as if everything that they have fought against for many years has become them. The Joy Luck Club is a club that one of the mothers, Suyuan Woo started to gather four Chinese women together to raise their spirits. They would meet each week, rotating each lady as a host, eat and talk about things that were going on in each woman’s life. They would play mah jong to raise money incase something came up that they needed emergency money for. Suyuan had twin girls when she lived in China but had to l... ...and that the vase was going to break and she knew that the marriage was going to fall apart if she didn‘t do something. As you can see, each of the mother-daughter couples has a lot in common. They share the same feelings, similar experiences, and a lot of the same knowledge. As rights activist James Baldwin once said, â€Å"Children have never been very good at listening to their elders, but they have never failed to imitate them.† Even if some of the daughters fight their mothers to get along together, it ends up it is for the best. Strong mother-daughter bonds are shown through out the novel and many lessons are learned by the daughters. Each daughter makes her mother proud and in the end that is all that is important. The mothers are just happy that they raised their daughters right. WORKS CITED    Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. New York: Random House, 1989.

An Essay on Beowulf

Beowulf is a warrior who takes pride in fighting for others and others. Beowulf exhibits multiple characteristics of an epic hero. Beowulf is capable of things that most are not capable of during his time.   Beowulf is capable of deeds of great strength and courage. Beowulf has the courage and strength to challenge the monster Grendel despite Grendel's history and tendency to slaughter many warriors. Grendel is a giant monster that is unharmed by human weapons, forcing Beowulf to use nothing but his bare hands. This battle boosts Beowulf's resume proving that he has great strength and courage since Beowulf took on the challenge that most of the warriors were afraid of. Beowulf's strength is displayed when he uses bare hands to rip off Grendel's arm. Beowulf goes underwater to battle with Grendel's mother with the courage to pass through multiple sea monsters. This demonstrates Beowulf's courage since he went through what the other warriors were afraid to, knowing that his life could be taken by Grendel's mother or the sea monsters. Beowulf returns from his home to put an end to the dragon that has been terrorizing the Danes. Beowulf is of old age at this time but arrays great strength and courage by going to the dragon's home, with the help of only one other warrior, aware that he may not make it out alive. Beowulf's strength and courage set him apart from the average warriors. Beowulf faces supernatural foes in his battles. Beowulf faces Grendel, but Grendel is unharmed by any ordinary weapons. Beowulf's approach to fighting Grendel must be different than human battles. Grendel's supernaturalism is emphasized by the warriors' swords inability to harm him. Beowulf battles with the supernatural dragon that was terrorizing Hrothgar's men. The average warriors are not able to tame the dragon. The dragon possessed flames and poison that naturals did not own. Beowulf goes to Grendel's mother underwater lair to defeat her. Beowulf's natural sword cannot penetrate her skin since she is a supernatural evil foe. The sword that Beowulf attempts to use would penetrate the skin of an average person, but human weapons fail against Grendel's mother since she is supernatural. Beowulf partakes in battles and victories against foes with immortal abilities that regular or ordinary warriors cannot handle. Beowulf owns the credibility of a great warrior. Beowulf boasts stating, â€Å"I drove Five great giants into chains, chased All of that race from the earth. I swam in the blackness of night, hunting monsters out of the ocean and killing them one by one† (Lines 151-158). Beowulf has fought many sea monsters in the ocean giving him an accomplishment to support his boasting of ability. Not many, if any, of the warriors could overcome five great giants. Beowulf fought a swimming match with Brecca in the deepest and dangerous seas. Beowulf has the proof behind his boasting since no man could swim and fight off monsters in the seas like him. Beowulf is an established and accomplished warrior before he even fights his biggest battles for Hrothgar. Beowulf possesses characteristics and abilities that define him as an epic hero. Beowulf takes on tasks or challenges that the average warriors do not have the capability of doing. Beowulf solidifies his already impressive resume in his battles in Daneland.

The European Union Of Ban Commercial Seal Products

Abstract This paper delves into the disputes brought against the European Union by Canada and Norway. In doing so, the specifics of the disputes will be discussed and the World Trade Organization’s policies and procedures that have thus far allowed for the European Union to ban commercial seal products from these two countries. The research done on the topic of sealing will cover the regulations in both the Canadian and Norwegian seal fishing and also how their communities are impacted economically. The European Union’s main argument is that neither of these countries regulations on humane killing are efficient enough in ensuring that humane killings can occur at all times. Because of this, they continue to defend that their regulations go†¦show more content†¦They have several arguments, including the following: seal products from Canada and Norway are treated less favorably compared to the European Union’s (EU) domestic seal products and Greenland’s, the EU Seal Regime (measure that prohibits seal products into the EU) creates obstacles and trade restrictions that are unnecessary and that some of the procedural requirements go against requirements of the conformity assessment, Travellers conditions create quantitative restrictions on trade, and the Regime hurts any benefits accrued to them under covered agreements (Panel Report, 2013). The EU, on the other hand, claims that their Seal Regime meets obligations of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Three conditions applied to seal products are as follows: the products were received from seals hunted by Inuit or Indigenous communities, the products were received from seals hunted for marine resource management, and travelers are allowed to bring seal products in limitation. The EU claims that the regulations put into place in 2009 and 2010 were implemented because of public moral concerns involving the welfare of seals; people should not cause suffering of animals without clear justi fication (Europa, 2013). The EU argue that inconsistencies claimed by Canada and Norway within the GATT 1994 should be considered as justified because they are working to protect public morals and seals’ health. They also argue that, under the TBT Agreement, any