Wireless Networking Essay Example

Wireless Networking Essay Example Wireless Networking Essay Wireless Networking Essay Wireless Networking Name: Course: Institution: Instructor: Date: Wireless Networking Local access networks can be described as a network connection that limits access to the network over a specific radius. There are wired and wireless local access networks. Wired local access networks are characterized by the use of cables and adapters for network connection whereas wireless networks are characterized by the use of receptors and nodes for network access. Wireless local access networks are used in institutions such as hospitals, schools factories, offices and homes. In the named institutions, wireless LAN is used by hospitals and offices to access records and work without the use of bulky material such as paperwork. The wireless access network is considered superior to the use of wired local access networks. The advantages attributed to the use of wireless access networks are mobility, whereby the user can access the network at the comfort of the office or the workstation without having to move from one location in order to access work, documents or records. In addition, the user has low costs of installation compared to the wired local access network that has very many cables and adapters, which enable transmission in the network. The wireless local access network has low infrastructure in that no wire connections are necessary for the user to access the network. Moreover, the use of wireless networks enables the user to ease the change in the network topology into any that best works to the advantage of the network users. Wireless networks are catastrophe resistant in that they are manageable and scalable in size. Furthermore, wireless networks are easily maintained in that they do not require complex maintenance routines. However, the wireless networks are not free from problems. They are faced by interference by other signals such other networks from around the area of operation and radio signals from devices such as mobile phones and media gadgets such as radios and television sets. In addition, they also are coupled by security threats from hackers and malicious software. The wireless networks are rarely interoperable because of lack of transferability from one vendor to another owing to the very many regulations in each vendor system. Wireless networks also accrue health and safety issues in that they pose health risks associated by the electromagnetic fields associated with wireless gadgets. Moreover, the use of wireless networks is associated with lower data charges There are several technologies for wireless networking in a private local access network. They are mainly Bluetooth, HIPERLAN, Ultrawideband, cellular/Personal Computers infrastructure and custom /private protocols. The use of a standard wireless local access network is advantageous in that it serves as a guide for developing new and reliable hardware. In addition, the wireless network enables the network user to interoperate the network with other network vendors such that one network has multiple network vendors. It also reduces the risk associated with new products, which might corrupt the network and even wreck the whole system of the user. However, these advantages are countered by disadvantages whereby the use of a specific standard does not allow for innovation on the part of the users. It also may lead to dormancy in the development of technology in a fast-growing technology field. Standard sharing vendors cannot fully market and sell their products with the existence of rigi d standards. The IEEE 802.11 is a standard for implementing wireless networks. It release was by unlicensed use whereby the spectrum is free. The unlicensed bands for the wireless networks are essentially good for deploying relatively small private radio networks. Wireless networks are also forced to compete with other in-band users, which are erratic in number and interference. Unlicensed band usage is categorized into the 2.4GHZ-ISM band and the U-NII band. The 2.4GHZ ISM band is referred to an Industrial Scientific Medical band; it is specifically on the 2.4000-2.4835 GHz band. It has 83.5 MHz of free spectrum, and it has inexpensive hardware. The band is very useful to the users because of its easy compatibility with other users. The U-NII band is described as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure band. It lies on the bands of 5.15-5.35 GHz and on 5.725-5.825 GHz and comes with 300 MHz of free spectrum and fewer co-existing systems. It is relatively inexpensive to install and use but its radio hardware is the only expensive bit about the band. The IEEE 802.11 has more extensions to it. They are mainly 802.11a, which is a standard, which adds more Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to the standard for high data rates in the U-NII band. Another extension is the 802.11b whereby there are additional 5.5mbps and 11 mbps capabilities to the IEEE 802.11standard.furthermore 802.11e is a future extension that is responsible for maintaining the quality of service capability for some applications by the user. It also has the 802.11g, a future extension for 2.4 GHz links for using the OFDM for 22 mbps data rates. For security purposes, the 802.11i was developed to counter threats to the network. The IEEE 802.11 has two parts, which are PHY and MAC. The PHY correspond to the physical outlines and the operations of the standard to the OSI protocol stack. It also ahs many different specifications and its specific extensions only exist for the 802.11 standard. It entails of how the data in the network is specifically sent in and out of the network. Whereas the MAC consists of and correspond to data links and outline operations in the OSI protocol. In summary, it handles the data part of a network. The Mac is the same for all 802.11 standards regardless of which PHY is specified and its main aim is concerned with how data is framed into data packets for transmission via the network. The PHY is divided into two main parts namely the Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) and the Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP) The PMD is responsible for modulation, coding and decoding, and multiple access of the network. The PLCP is responsible for channel assessment, physical layer services t hat are independent of any physical medium. The Data Link layer is divided into two parts the Medium Access Control MAC and the Logical Link Control (LLC). The data link layer’s purpose is to transfer data within adjacent network nodes while the Medium access control is a protocol sub layer of the data link layer that provides channel access and addressing the control mechanisms between several terminals for them to communicate within a multiple access network. The IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless networks has interoperability challenges. There existed difficulties in the cross vendor operations for the users such that it was impossible for the users to change network vendors. The network vendors did not follow the IEEE 802.11 standard to the latter, which brought rise to numerous problems to both the vendors and the users. However, some issues were addressed and some were not therefore some problems regarding the standards still exist and need address. The interoperability issues prevent the public from accepting new technology thus the industry loses a lot of money and its credibility. In addition, the lack of interoperability leads to little or no innovation as new technology is prevented from the development of new technology. Interoperability issues were countered by the solution of formation of the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance. WECA is an industrial association formed on 23 August in the year1999.It sole purpose is to provide interoperability-testing services for vendors of the IEEE 802.11 wireless modem. The WECA is responsible certification of Wi-Fi enabled equipment, which gives any equipment tested by the organization a very high degree of reliability and interoperability. In the use of Wireless networks, multiple access issues also arise. For the wireless network to fully function simultaneous links must be coordinated in the same network. The interference in ISM bands and deep fading in the frequency of the bands is also another issue facing network users. The direct spread system consists of eleven overlapping channels with each channel having 22 MHz total bandwidth. The radio links can also use the overlapping channels simultaneously. Frequency hopped spread spectrum is characterized by the presence of over seventy nine channels with each channel having a total 1 MHz bandwidth. The unique hop sequence is characterized by a unique hop sequence for each length, which avoids simultaneous use. Direct sequence spread spectrum is a modulation technique favored by modem designers. It is best for coexistence of networks where there are in-band wireless systems. In addition it also woks to the contribution of more gentle interference to other in-band systems thus for this reasons it is regarded highly among the information modem designers. The Direct sequence spread spectrum enables the links to be easily modified for IEEE 802.11b extensions. Japan has the largest number of channels with fourteen frequencies followed by Europe in overall and then by the United States and France and Spain respectively. Spreading a signal in the IEEE 802.11 standard uses the Barker sequence due to the low correlation properties of the method. The method implies change of phase of the waves at 180degrees.A barker’s spread signal is similar to that of a spread signal. When signal is interfered by noise it becomes blurred and is represented by an almost straight line whereas a realistic signa l is almost similar to that of the spread signal. When noise is filtered in a despread signal, it becomes refined and it becomes easily transmittable through the network. Despreading is the art of spreading an interfered signal to come up a new signal that is ready for retransmission through the network. Spreading increases with bandwidth of the signal for increasing resistance to interference of the signal.

Profile of Elizabeth How, Persecuted Salem Witch

Profile of Elizabeth How, Persecuted Salem Witch Elizabeth How Facts Known for:  accused witch, executed in the 1692  Salem witch trialsAge at time of Salem witch trials:  about 57Dates:  about 1635 – July 19, 1692Also known as:  Elizabeth Howe, Goody Howe Family, Background: Born in Yorkshire, England, about 1635 Mother: Joane Jackson Father: William Jackson Husband: James How or Howe Jr. (March 23, 1633 – February 15, 1702), married April 1658. He had become blind at the time of the trials. Family connections: Elizabeth’s husband James How Jr. was connected to a number of other Salem witch trial victims. James was the brother of John How. John How was married to Sarah Towne (How), whose father, Edmund Towne, was the brother of Rebecca Towne Nurse, Mary Towne Easty and Sarah Towne Cloyce, all accused of witchcraft as well.Also, James and John How’s mother was Elizabeth Dane How, a sister of the Rev. Francis Dane.  Dane was the father of Abigail Dane Faulkner and Elizabeth Johnson Sr., father-in-law of Deliverance Dane, and a grandfather of several others arrested. Lived in: Ipswitch sometimes noted as Topswitch Elizabeth How and the Salem Witch Trials Elizabeth How was accused by the Perley family of Ipswitch. The parents of the family testified that their 10-year-old daughter was afflicted by How over the course of two to three years. Doctors had diagnosed that the daughter’s affliction was caused by â€Å"an evil hand.† Spectral evidence was offered by Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, Ann Putnam Jr., Abigail Williams, and Mary Warren. On May 28, 1692, an arrest warrant was issued for How, charging her with acts of witchcraft against Mary Walcott, Abigail Williams, and others.  She was arrested the next day and taken to the home of Nathaniel Ingersoll for examination. A formal indictment was prepared on May 29, mentioning that Mercy Lewis had been tortured and afflicted by an act of witchcraft by Elizabeth How. Witnesses included Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, Abigail Williams, and members of the Perley family. While she was in jail, she was visited by her husband and daughters. On May 31, Elizabeth How was again examined. She replied to the charges: â€Å"If it was the last moment I was to live, God knows I am innocent of anything of this nature.† Mercy Lewis and Mary Walcott fell into fits.  Walcott said that Elizabeth How had punched and choked her that month.  Ann Putnam testified that How had hurt her three times; Lewis also accused How of hurting her.  Abigail Williams said that How had hurt her many times and had brought â€Å"the book† (the Devil’s book, to sign). Ann Putnam and Mary Warren said they’d been pricked by a pin by How’s spectre. And John Indian fell into a fit, accusing her of biting him. A May 31 indictment cited witchcraft practiced against Mary Walcott.  Elizabeth How, John Alden,  Martha Carrier, Wilmott Redd, and Philip English were  examined  by Bartholomew Gedney, Jonathan Corwin, and John Hathorne Timothy and Deborah Perley, who leveled the initial claims, on June 1 also accused Elizabeth How of afflicting their cow with sickness, causing it to drown itself when they stood against her joining the Ipswich church.  Deborah Perley repeated the charges about afflicting their daughter Hannah. On June 2, Sarah Andrews, sister of Hannah Perley, testified to hearing her afflicted sister blame Elizabeth How for threatening and hurting her, even though their father had questioned the truth of the claim. On June 3, the Rev. Samuel Phillips testified in her defense. He said he had been at the Samuel Perley home when the child was having fits, and though the parents said â€Å"good wife How the wife of James How Junior of Ipswich† was a witch, the child did not say so, even when asked to do so. Edward Payson testified that he had witnessed the Perley daughter’s affliction, and the parents’ questioning her as to How’s involvement, and that the daughter had said: â€Å"no never.† On June 24, a neighbor of 24 years, Deborah Hadley, testified on Elizabeth’s behalf that she had been conscientious in her dealings and â€Å"Christian-like in her conversation.† On June 25, neighbors Simon and Mary Chapman testified that How was a godly woman. On June 27, Mary Cummings testified about a run-in her son Isaac had had with Elizabeth, involving a mare. Her husband Isaac also testified to these charges. On June 28, the son, Isaac Cummings, also testified.  That same day, Elizabeth’s father-in-law, James How Sr., who was about 94 at the time, testified for Elizabeth as a character witness, noting how loving, obedient and kind she was and how she had cared for her husband who had become blind. Joseph and Mary Knowlton testified for Elizabeth How, noting that ten years before they had heard stories of Elizabeth How afflicting the daughter of Samuel Perley.  They had asked Elizabeth about these and Elizabeth had been forgiving of their reports. They noted that she was an honest and good person. Trial: June 29-30, 1692 June 29-30:  Sarah Good, Elizabeth How, Susannah Martin, and Sarah Wildes were tried for witchcraft. On the first day of the trial, Mary Cummings testified that another neighbor had become ill after a sharp exchange with James How Jr. and his wife. On June 30, Francis Lane testified against How, noting the conflict with Samuel Perley. Nehemiah Abbott (married to Elizabeths sister-in-law, Mary Howe Abbott) also testified that when Elizabeth was angry she wished someone would choke, and that person did shortly after; that How’s daughter had attempted to borrow a horse but when he refused, the horse later was injured, and that a cow had also been injured. Her brother-in-law John How testified that Elizabeth had afflicted a sow when Elizabeth was angry with him for asking whether she had afflicted the Perley child. Joseph Safford testified about a church meeting held in the wake of the accusations earlier regarding the Perley child; he said that his wife had attended the meeting and was afterward in a â€Å"raving frenzy† first defending Goody How and then in a trance. Sarah Good, Elizabeth How, Susannah Martin, and Sarah Wildes were all found guilty and condemned to hanging.  Rebecca Nurse was first found not guilty, but when the accusers and spectators loudly protested, the court asked the jury to reconsider the verdict and condemned Nurse to hang as well. On July 1, Thomas Andrews added some charges regarding a sick horse he believed was the one that the Hows wanted to borrow from the Cummings. Elizabeth How was hanged on July 19, 1692, along with Sarah Good, Susannah Martin,  Rebecca Nurse, and Sarah Wilde. Elizabeth How After the Trials The following March, residents of Andover, Salem Village, and Topsfield petitioned on behalf of Elizabeth How,  Rebecca Nurse,  Mary Easty,  Abigail Faulkner, Mary Parker, John Proctor,  Elizabeth Proctor, and Samuel and Sarah Wardwell – all but Abigail Faulkner, Elizabeth Proctor, and Sarah Wardwell had been executed – asking the court to exonerate them for the sake of their relatives and descendants.   In 1709, How’s daughter joined the petition of Phillip English and others to get the victims’ names cleared and to get financial compensation.  In 1711, they finally won the case, and Elizabeth How’s name was mentioned among those who had been unfairly convicted and some executed, and whose convictions were reversed and nullified.

Employment Relations in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Employment Relations in Britain - Essay Example Research evidence suggests that the availability of agency and short-term contracts flexibility in UK accommodate and provide the employment opportunity for people with limited working experience, under-qualification, or under-developed skill level (DTI, 2007, p.7). Considering the increasing importance of temporary agency workers’ sector in Britain and beyond, the European Commission (EC) has introduced proposals for a European directive in order to prevent the discrimination against agency temps (EC, 2002a cited in Forde and Gray, 2005, p.249).In its analysis of whether the availability of agency working and short-term contracts expand new opportunities for secure employments or it leads to the exploitation of vulnerable workers, the paper identifies that the former claim may be true to some extent, it does not compensate for the later. A closer look at the recent changes in British labour market reveals an incredible but neglected trend of rapid temporary agency growth. Onl y 50,000 workers in mid-1980s (Casey, 1988) increased to more than one per cent of all employees’ jobs that amounts to about 270,000 workers (cited in Forde and Gray, 2005, p.1). ... in sectors and occupations, agency workers are most likely to be hired in professional ,secretarial, process/plant/machine operations, administrative occupations, and personal services, such as, social careers, workers in hospitality, and class room assistants(EMAR,2008,p.12). Two main sections in this paper analyse the prospects of new opportunities for secure employment and exploitation of vulnerable workers. Opportunities for secure employment With increasing unemployment throughout the world, it seems logical that unemployed will turn to other means for earning and temporary employment through agency provides them they way out. Survey of Recruitment Agencies 2007(SORA) evidence proves that agency work provides a route to enter into permanent employment for several workers. During one year period, the survey identified that nearly 340,000 people got a permanent job stemming from their experience with a particular employer as a temporary worker (cited in EMAR, 2008, p.13). Accordi ng to Labour Force Survey (LFS) data (2006) approximately 25 per cent of temporary workers are employed at managerial and professional levels (cited in DTI, 2007, p.7).Furthermore, Labour Force Survey (LFS) data (2006) indicates that 24 per cent of UK’s agency temporary workers were either unemployed or inactive one year before (DTI, 2007, p.7). There are various reasons for working as temporary employee. According to Recruitment and Employment Confederation (REC) research, 63 per cent of temps decided to work temporarily because they were unemployed. Moreover, 39 per cent referred to other reasons, such as, earning during study or during career break. Labour Force Survey (LFS) put forth the same question differently and got 58 per cent of people mentioned that the absence of permanent

Robert Mondavi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Robert Mondavi - Essay Example Mondavi successfully brought reforms to the US wine industry, and consequently, the wine industry all over the world. He was passionate about wine from a tender age and started a winery in Napa Valley, in 1966 (Mondavi and Chutkow 12). This was with the aim of outdoing the finest wine producers in Europe. His dream has today come true because many of the winemaking techniques used today were his ideas (Mondavi and Chutkow 17). He has also contributed to the modern wine industry by introducing winemaking concepts such as using French oak barrels, stainless steel tanks, and cold fermentation, which are all used in the modern wine industry today (Mondavi and Chutkow 23). Mondavi, a market leader in the wine industry, is remembered for initiating blind wine tasting sessions at the Napa Valley, combining these experiences with other world class wines. This allowed the wine industry and consumers to evaluate the value and quality of wine (Mondavi and Chutkow 39). He promoted the exportation of wine, which is a common practice in the modern wine industry today. He also promoted the production of high quality wines, after his wines became internationally recognized for their top quality. His wine educational tours and wine tastings helped to foster a wine culture, not only in America, but throughout the world (Mondavi and Chutkow 30). In conclusion, Mondavi has contributed to the modern wine industry in numerous ways. He has helped the industry refuse the culture of adding artificial flavors to wines. His innovations such as the vineyard management using digital mapping technologies, and remote-sensing via satellite have revolutionalized the modern wine industry (Mondavi and Chutkow 48). He created the wine culture and other wine related innovations such as using Quality Enhancement Teams, vintage dating to create varietal wines, traditional cork finishing, and barrel aging among others. The modern wine industry has also benefited through

How to have a relationship Essay Example for Free

How to have a relationship Essay ? A relationship is a way of connecting. The connection could be between people or objects. Listening to my grandmother talk about relationships helped me understand how things have completely changed over times. My grandmother stated that relationships where more valued back then and people stayed together for all the right reasons. She informed me that when you loved someone you loved them like no other. When it came to marriage they lasted longer than they do now. Having a relationship with someone was the thing to do. At one time relationships actually had meaning people were with each other because they loved them. This showed me the commitment part of relationships, when people actually stayed faithful to the person they were with. Nowadays men and woman say I love you just for the fun of it. But be honest everyone you know or knew either ant’s a relationship, has a relationship or has played a role in one either as the main lover or the sideline. Relationships are complicated, complex commitments that we take seriously or play around with like a rag doll. Serious relationships start from the mind knowing what it is that you want how you want it and how you’re going to get it is the first step in committing to a relationship. Yes commitment can be very hard to do. Especially when were accustomed to doing things our own way; without having to answer to someone else. Understanding the person you are trying to commit to is a good way to start a serious relationship. It is important to gather as much information as possible and take as much time as needed to ensure that you know the person that you are in a relationship with. Taking the steps and looking at past relationships can help you understand if the relationship might be what you are looking for in life. It is true that no matter how long you have known a person you may never truly know who that person really is. It is also important to know what we want before committing ourselves in. Whether that relationship is a marriage or just a boyfriend/ girlfriend committing to someone should begin with feelings being involved. Relationships become complicated when you have disagreements, other people etc. I feel that it takes two to make a relationship work and if both parties are not commented then it will never work. It’s like the eighty-twenty rule which explains that one person is giving there all and all and the other person only gives what is necessary at that time. How can a relationship work if both parties are not on the same level and are not committed to each other? Complicating in relationships come from problems that we cause ourselves, from not committing or giving our all to the relationship. As for myself I’ve had a few relationships in my day. Some good ones and then some that I would give anything to take back and wish that I had never committed myself to. Not saying that you would have the same outcome as I did but just make sure that the love is real. If we go into a relationship knowing that we are not there for a long time then it makes the relationship less complicated. In these type situations just make sure that you inform the person with how you feel before going into the relationship. It is important to have a clean understanding of what each party wants. Having false feelings in a relationship can be the most hurtful thing when you actually find out so therefore try to avoid coming into these situations. Communication is a huge part of a serious successful relationship. Communicating with your partner is a very good stress reliever and understanding method. Having communication builds trust and loyalty, which are two other things that are very important in a relationship. When a person is in a relationship they expect their partner to be understanding, have good listening skills and be there when they need you. Sometimes it’s just best to sit back and listen to what the other person had to say. You never know what you might learn about your partner if you just listen. Always remember to keep the lines of communication open throughout the relationship. For me, I think that one of my biggest downfalls in previous relationships is the lack of communication between my partner and me. I also have problems with my partner not being able to support himself and maybe even helping me every now and then, don’t get me wrong I’m not asking him to take care of me in no means what so ever but help every now and then would be good. As I did research on the topic of relationships, I learned that there are several steps that can be taken to have a successful relationship. First it is important to ensure that you trust your partner. Does your partner’s communication lift you just to bring you right back down? How do you and your partner deal with conflict in your relationship? Do you have compatible financial values? When you are thinking about starting a new relationship think about some of these questions. They might help you to understand the relationship better and if that’s what you really want. Maintaining a trusting and lasting relationship is going to require some work on both sides and especially in these times. As long as there is trust and communication between both parties then there is a good chance that the relationship will work. I plan to take my time and know the person that I intend to be in a serious relationship with. I don’t want to hurt anyone and I definitely don’t want to be hurt. I look forward to finding love one day that is meaningful and lasting but until then I will continue to inform my partner how I feel and what I am looking for in the beginning. I will ensure the line of communication stays open.

Compare Sonnet 130 by Shakespeare and the Glasgow Sonnet by Essay

Compare Sonnet 130 by Shakespeare and the Glasgow Sonnet by Edwin Morgan. Poetry has many forms and styles of which it can be written and emphasised in. A sonnet is one of these forms. They mainly consist of fourteen lines, but can be set out in two different ways. One of two styles of sonnet is Elizabethan. William Shakespeare is an example of a poet and writer of this time period, and possible one of the most recognised for his work. William Shakespeare wrote an astounding 144 sonnets within his life time. The majority of these sonnets were mainly based upon love or insincere compliments. The Elizabethan sonnets are usually of the lyrical in content and differ in structure. This indefinably differs from the modern style of sonnet that we are use to. This is because the Elizabethan poem contains three stanzas of four lines and it finishes off with a rhyming couplet at the end. The structure of the modern sonnet is a complete anomaly compared with the Elizabethan sonnets. This is because they have two stanzas, the first consisting of eight lines and the second consisting of six lines, they are called the octave and the sestet. The sestet is the conclusion of a modern sonnet which contains a message whereas the Elizabethan’s message is held within the couplet. The modern sonnets usually hold a meaning of poverty and desolation within it and the tones vary extensively, although a sense of fundamental contentment is established with the rigidity of the form. The imagery used in Sonnet 130 is that of always comparing the woman in which Shakespeare is talking about to natural beauty. Shakespeare is very strange and different in the way he describes his mistress in this sonnet. This is because of ... ...et is trying to get across to the people out there willing to listen. He feels that people have been ignoring these situations and the problems have become increasingly worse. The content of this poem has given a paradoxical look and it is all a part of social realism. I feel that Sonnet 130 is very effective in the way Shakespeare puts his opinion across about his partner. The humour of the sonnet brings a more appealing feel to it. Although the problem with the sonnet is that message isn’t clear to see straight away, you have to look at the sonnet in more depth to see what message Shakespeare is trying to get across. The Glasgow Sonnet has a very serious message to it and the way the writer uses metaphors and similes to describe the area that people have to suffer living in, is very effective and makes the reader think about the realities of life.

Leadership Styles and Employee Ethical/Unethical Behavior Essay

Transformational leaders encourage followers to embrace moral values and to act in the interest of the collective rather than self interest. Transformational leaders are thought to raise followers’ level of moral development and to focus followers’ attention on higher level needs and values. Transactional leaders rely on rewards and punishments to direct followers’ behaviour. Transactional leaders are inconsistent with moral leadership because transactional approaches ignore followers’ needs and aspirations and that transactional leaders focus on the status quo rather than on an inspiring vision of the future and may be motivated by their own achievement and power rather than followers’ needs. Multidimensional transformational leadership construct with the following dimensions which consist on individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, idealized influence, and inspirational motivation. Transformational leadership has been associated with many positive outcomes such as workers’ satisfaction with work and the leader, organizational commitment, citizenship behaviours, and job performance. Ethical leadership is not a rare phenomenon in today’s business organizations. Ethical leaders are both â€Å"moral persons† and â€Å"moral managers†. We think of the â€Å"moral person† as representing the â€Å"ethical† part of the term â€Å"ethical leadership,† and we think of the â€Å"moral manager† as representing the â€Å"leadership† part of that term. Ethical leaders are thought to be moral persons because they are honest and trustworthy, take good care of their people, and do the right things in both their personal and professional lives. They make decisions based on values and ethical decision rules, and they are fair and concerned about stakeholders’ interests and long-term outcomes. As moral managers, ethical leaders are clear about their expectations of followers. They are visible role models of ethical behaviour, communicate with their people about their ethical and values-based expectations, and use the reward system to hold followers accountable for ethical conduct. The relationship between leadership and employee ethical conduct can be explain by social learning and social exchange. In accordance with a social learning perspective, they behave ethically in their personal and professional lives, and they make decisions based on ethical principles and the long-term interest of multiple stakeholders. Ethical leaders send clear messages to organizational members about expected behaviour and use the reward system to hold everyone accountable to those expectations. This aspect of ethical leadership depends on social learning and can be viewed as more transactional than transformational because followers behave ethically and refrain from unethical conduct largely due to the observed consequences. In social exchange perspective, ethical leaders were described as being trustworthy and as treating their people with care, concern, and fairness. As such, they are likely to create social exchange relationships with their subordinates, who can be expected to reciprocate this care and fair treatment by engaging in citizenship behaviours and by refraining from unethical conduct. Ethical leaders are likely to influence their followers to engage in ethical conduct and to refrain from unethical conduct by way of multiple processes that rely on both transformational and transactional approaches to leadership. There are several potential limitations on the role of leadership. First, we expect that some employees will be less influence by leaders than will others. Second, employees at the lowest levels of cognitive moral development (preconventional) should be less influenced by leaders than by reward system contingencies. Third, ethical leadership may be less influential in homogeneous settings where leaders and their followers share values based on age and cultural similarity. Fourth, Supervisory leaders may be more or less influential depending on characteristics of their work group such as size and type of work. For example, the larger the span of control, the more difficult it may be to communicate ethical standards and to hold work group members accountable. Fifth, individual leaders may also be less influential to the extent that the organization has a strong ethical climate and culture that incorporates formal and informal systems to support ethical conduct. Lastly, some organizations have a strong culture and climate that supports unethical conduct. For example, Douglas Durand had worked for 20 years at Merck & Company which had a strong ethical culture where ethics and social responsibility were taken seriously. Once he arrived, he quickly discovered a culture where sales representatives bribed doctors, did not account appropriately for free samples, and engaged in Medicare fraud. Durand tried to change the culture but failed to do so. Much leadership research does not distinguish between the executive and supervisory levels, although such a distinction is likely to be important for leaders’ influence on ethics related outcomes. Based on our executive ethical leadership data, we inferred four types of executive leader which are ethical leader, unethical leader, hypocritical leader and ethically neutral leader. In conclusion, leaders should play an important role in influencing employee and to be an ethical leader who can be viewed as an attractive, credible, and legitimate role model who engages in normatively appropriate behaviour and makes the ethics message salient.

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde coursework Essay

In the novel, â€Å"Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde† which was written by Stevenson in 1886, a doctor known as Henry Jekyll is curious to know if it is possible to separate the two sides of human nature, good and evil. In his basement he creates a concoction to try and this is were Mr Hyde is introduced to the story. Jekyll drinks the potion and transforms into Hyde. Hyde is a prime example of pure evil, the complete opposite of Dr Jekyll but later on he is taken over by Hyde and it shows through him wanting to transform again after all of the crimes committed by his dark side. Stevenson’s objective for the novel was to get the reader to realize that nobody is perfect and everybody has a dark side to their personality. The Victorian era started in 1837 and ended in1901. This was how long Queen Victoria ruled for. Society in London was very posh and rich during that era. In the novel Dr Jekyll is one of these rich people. Although London was said to be a civilised place there were actually a few criminals who committed horrific rapes, decapitations and murders. Jack the ripper is one of them. This side of society back then represents Mr Hyde. London back then had dark fogy nights and some rainy nights, identical to the nights described in Jekyll and Hyde. â€Å"nine in the morning, and the first fog of the season†¦ as the cab drew up before the address indicated, the fog lifted a little and showed him a dingy street.† The setting is choosing Mr Utterson’s path. The setting gives a picture that evil is trying to pick out Utterson’s path, luring him into evil. The â€Å"Fog† gives the audience an airy and tense atmosphere. You feel that anything could happen and that evil is lurking somewhere beyond the fog but it is undetectable. Just like Mr Hyde, whatever will happen next is unpredictable. There is also a sense of suspicion as â€Å"the fog lifted a little and showed him a dingy street.† We wonder why the fog shows him a dingy street which is most likely infested with evil beings and we also wonder if Mr Utterson is wandering into a trap and this intensifies the suspence. Evil masterminds aren’t handsome and this shows when Hyde looks into the mirror for the first time for the audience to see. â€Å"He is not easy to describe. There is something wrong with his appearance, something displeasing, something downright detestable. I never saw a man I so disliked†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He sounds like a hideous monster, deformed and gives the woman a feeling of hatred when she sees him. Most villains look discomforting like the ones in movies. Jekyll on the other hand is the complete opposite, handsome and liked by the women in the novel. This shows the difference between the good and evil in the novel and contributes to Stevenson’s objective of getting the reader to see the difference between good and evil. Hyde’s actions are animalistic and he shows a sign of superhuman strength when he beats Carew so rapidly his cane snaps and Carew dies. This emphasizes his anger towards Carew and this unprovoked attack is so brutal, it makes the made at the window faint from shock. â€Å"†¦and at that Mr Hyde broke out of all bounds and clubbed him to the earth. And next moment, with ape-like fury, he was trampling his victim under his foot and hailing down a storm of blows, under which bones were audibly shattered and the body jumped upon the roadway. At the horror of these sights, the maid fainted.† This description shows how relentless Hyde is and he doesn’t hold back his anger and lets loose a barrage of bone shattering blows. It is clear to the audience that he has channelled his anger into his physical strength then unleashes is all on Carew and the fact that Carew is beaten to death further expresses his anger and hatred towards Carew. His actions gives us an insight of what he is physically capable of doing and also makes us wonder if he is a human or a savage beast with intense strength. Back in those times reputation was a key factor to a well known wealthy person’s life and Hyde lives on a dull dingy street whereas Jekyll lives in his humble abode to avoid being found out by Utterson and Enfield. They both are suspicious about Jekyll and want to find him out but they are unsure if they should ruin his reputation, so instead they keep a close eye on him and ask him a few questions. The information they find out they want to keep to themselves because they don’t want to ruin Jekyll’s reputation in case he is innocent. Utterson and his acquaintance Mr Enfield do all they can to identify who Hyde really is. What gets them thinking is when Hyde â€Å"tramples calmly over the little girl† and Utterson wants Hyde to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 compensation and when he does, they realize that it is signed by Dr Henry Jekyll but they both promise never to talk about the case again, so they don’t let it out into the public. Hyde is able to stay hidden from the two lawyers because of the area he lives in. The area is dirty, dingy, smelly and full of the low classed people. This way Hyde can keep a low profile and high status people won’t voyage into this area and spot Hyde. He blends in with all of the citizens there. The women are poor and very savage and referred to as â€Å"Wild harpies† â€Å"And all the time, as we were pitching it in red hot, we were keeping the women off him as best we could, for they were as wild as harpies† This quote emphasizes the violent side to these women. They have unleashed their dark side, just like Hyde was unleashed from Jekyll and when Hyde gets into trouble, a woman laughs and says he deserves it. This lady shows her dark side and no remorse at this comment towards Mr Hyde. This makes you realize that not only Dr Jekyll has an evil side to his personality. This also makes us realise that everyone has an evil side to their personality. Stevenson presents the evil side of human nature in his novel, however he also captures the good side of human nature and this is shown when Henry Jekyll admits to his own guilt. â€Å"The pleasures which I made haste to seek my disguise were, as I have said, undignified; I would scarce use a harder term. But in the hands of Edward Hyde, they soon began to turn towards monstrous†¦ it was Hyde, after all, and Hyde alone, that was guilty. Jekyll was no worse.† Dr Jekyll is admitting to his mistakes and he reveals to us that Hyde was his disguise. He is taking responsibility for unleashing his dark side which is Hyde and refers to his actions as â€Å"undignified†. This shows that there is a good side to every human and he has displayed this through revealing that Hyde was to blame for all of the crimes committed and that Jekyll (his good side) was no worse. Overall Stevenson has shown us that no human is perfect. Everyone has a darker side to their personality. Good and evil is a regular part of human nature. Stevenson makes us realise that we are all capable of doing bad things but all choose not to for a variety of reasons.

Writing Secondary Essays

Writing Secondary Essays Secondary essays are personal statements required of medical students by admissions directors to fill in the blanks. Having already written primary statements on such topics as education and/or personal goals, many students use the secondary statement as a way to beef up their application overall. For more information regarding secondary statements, I encourage you to read on. Like personal statements, secondary essays are not simple to compose. Many students, as a matter of fact, find secondary papers more difficult to write due to the fact that they require a more personal approach. Questions such as Where do you hope to be in ten years and What effect would you like your career goals to have on the medical community are commonly used in secondary statement guidelines. Before writing your secondary essay, it is important to take some time in order to properly evaluate the question asked. If, for instance, the application requires you to answer a question regarding your educational selection, do some research on the school itself. Think less about what you believe the review board wants to hear and more about how you honesty feel so that when you begin to write your answer, it will come straight from the heart. Secondary essays might just be some of the most difficult compositions to write. That been said, dont get frustrated if you find the overall process arduous and/or emotionally taxing. In the meanwhile, if you would like more information regarding med school secondaries and/or med school application essays, please access the link provided.

5 tips on managing different generations in the workplace

5 tips on managing different generations in the workplace Generations have their own rules. They speak their own languages, have their own cultural references, and have their own attitude quirks particular to their maturity. This can present a real challenge for the manager or human resources professional who must deal with a diverse staff of 20-somethings to 60-somethings.While a 2012 meta-analysis of published and unpublished data concluded that there are no significant differences between generations, there are significant differences between how younger employees and older people operate in the office, and the effective manager cannot ignore those differences. Here are six tips for coping with those generational differences head on and successfully.1. Recognize and embrace the differencesAs we’ve already hinted, one of the biggest mistakes you can make as a manager when faced with age-related issues is to pretend that the employee’s generation is not an issue. The key is to get comfortable and familiar with how age factors into work personality and adjust your approach accordingly. What will work when dealing with, say, a 25-year old employee who has motivation issues and a 45-year old employee who has become complacent after decades in the same office will not be the same.Understanding where different people are coming from can help you tailor your tone, spoken language, and body language. Don’t treat people differently- just communicate in the clearest possible way, depending who is on the receiving end.2. Break out of routinesStrict routines may be an effective way to acclimate young, new employees to their office duties, but having to do the same thing every day can be suffocating for the older employee. Feeling stuck in a rut can be both dehumanizing and demotivating for individuals who’ve been with the company for a long time.hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});Don’t downplay the disillusionment of an older employee who complains about feelin g trapped in a routine. Help that employee break out of tiresome patterns while still being able to complete his or her tasks. You may even want to consider having such employees swap tasks to keep their workday fresh. They will be happier and more productive with a little change in routine.3. Be aware of generation-based hurdlesThe workplace is constantly evolving, and this can be a problem for employees who’ve been at the job for too long. For example, an IT pro who has been in the same position for a decade may be slower to embrace new technology than a younger employee would. A younger IT worker may be short-tempered with an older one who doesn’t understand new computer-based problems.Ensuring that everyone is kept on top of the latest developments may clear out potential confusion and defuse potential conflicts that arise from age differences.4. Team them upThey may have different ways of speaking or different attitudes toward work, but all employees are people re gardless of age. This unfailingly becomes clear when employees from different age groups are encouraged to interact.Left to their own devices, employees may tend to bunch up in age-based groups. So it can be helpful to use team-building activities or develop collaborative projects that pair younger employees with older ones to foster a greater atmosphere of understanding in the office. If they have different skills particular to their ages, they may even teach each other a thing or two.5. Keep other managers informedAs you become more sensitive to the quirks of members of different generations in your office, be sure to share that information with your fellow managers. For example, if you find that younger employees are more likely to job hop- and a 2016 study did, indeed, report that a whopping 21% of Millennials left their jobs during that year compared to just 7% of older employees- make sure that your fellow managers are tuned into that issue so they can better hold onto young er employees they can’t afford to lose. After all, the name of the game is building a stronger staff with better communication between all managers and employees.Stay open, stay informed, stay communicative, and the employees you manage will be more satisfied and effective no matter how old they are.

MUS 327 Field Research Proposal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MUS 327 Field Research Proposal - Coursework Example Ari Herstand is a Los Angeles based musicians who has done quite a number of music productions. He is one musicians who move crowds by his albums. He is an entrepreneurial artist. He has been chosen a number of times in both products advertisements, and some of his albums has featured as background songs in movies production industry. He is also a social marketer, utilizing his popularity to market products in social sites. The attention he creates to the press is quite impressive, and he occasionally appears in the media, communicating of his success and music dream. His music has featured in Television shows such as One Tree Hill and the Real World. The research proposal will hence seek to understand the effects of utilization of music in advertisements, social media, and film industry among other filed. Essentially, such utilization has an impact to both the music producer, the community, the products buyer and the music industry at large (Apaolaza-Ibà ¡Ãƒ ±ez, 2010). Titon, J. T., Cooley, T. J., Locke, D., Rasmussen, A. K., Schechter, J. M., Stock, J. P. J., McAllester, D. P., ... Reck, D. B. (2009). Worlds of music: An introduction to the music of the worlds peoples. Belmont, Calif. : Schirmer/Cengage

Writing as Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Writing as Art - Essay Example According to Mills (1), a writer develops words, makes them true, emphasize, and illuminate the words through images. He further argues that there are characteristics that identify writing as an art, and they have a significant impact on the readers and the writers; these features include world, story, image, and voice. Writing campaigns is one of methods through which writers, activists, and lobbyists protest social problems. Writing campaigns have been in use for many years. Some have been effective while others have not. However, they serve the same purpose of educating and spreading the message, they want done. The paper will discuss writing as art, and the way writing campaign has used to protest social problems. Writing as Art Writers develop words, make them true, emphasize, and illuminate the words through images. Through the voices, they hold the reader’s attention and remind them of the changing tones of speech. Through the stories heard and told, they indicate the w ay the writer’s thoughts are molded by the narrative, how the writer shapes the lives and thoughts of others and their lives. There are features that are used to identify writing as a form of art, and they have a strong impact on the readers and writers. ... Writing as art assists us to determine the images, stories, worlds, and voices individuals inhibit and which inhabit writers, in other words, the acquired culture (Mills 2). Writing in its creative form is not limited to the voice of one principal authority, or to a type of address by a single speaker, for instance, a middle-class white educated British-American. Currently, individuals from various ethnic and racial backgrounds, representing differences of sexuality, gender, and age, practice writing as an art. The readers and the audiences actively look for all these voices whose numbers indicate the same range of experience and culture (Mills 4). The idea of the writer’s voice finding a voice indicates the writer’s position towards all the creative characteristics of writing as art including those of the voice. The voice is generated by the recurrent places, qualities and aspects of the world being represented, images chosen to highlight, what the writer writes about, and the story-like events or story that hold a special fascination to the writer. The choice of words relies more on what the writer thinks on the undercurrents and currents of speech. Creative language entails what individuals say, and the manner they speak with themselves and to each other, and this creates a rich supply of spoken rhythms. From each single voice are many voices, some are calm and angry, some perverse and moral, others overheard and native. An important skill to the writer is learning the virtue of listening to the voices, those within them and those that surround them, and those of the characters in the play or the story (Mills 7). It is important to note that all the writing is affected by the